Fundoscopy Findings Flashcards
Diabetic Retinopathy is caused by dhat?
Hyperglycemia damaging small blood vessels in eye
Macula function
Central vision - the specific part of the macula that controls this is the fovea
Fine vision
Colour vision
Signs of diabetic retinopathy
- Microaneurysms
- Dot and blot hemorrhages
- Vitreous haemorrhage
- Neovascularisation - VEGF released due to insufficient vascular perfusion
- Retinal detachments - retina has capillaries that grow intro vitrous pulling on retina
- Rubeosis - growth of capillaries around iris and drainage angle - glaucoma
-Cotton wool spots - dead nerve cells
Signs of hypertensive retinopathy
- Generalised arteriole narrowing
- Compression of venules at sites of arteriovnous crossing (AV nipping)
- Retinal haemorrhages
- Cotton wool spots
- Malignant hypertension: all of above + optic disk swelling
Signs of glaucoma on fundoscopy
Increased vertical cup to disk ration (more than 0.7) - aka cupping
How does optic disk swelling present on fundoscopy?
- Optic cup to disk margin is blurred
- Small haemorrhages
- Obscuration of vessels
Causes of optic disk swelling
Glaucoma
Intracranial space occupying lesions
Optic neuritis
Malignant hypertension
Uveitis (TB, sarcoidosis and ankylosing spondylosis)
What is optic nerve atrophy?
How does it present on fundoscopy?
Death of optic nerve
Presents as a pale optic disc
What causes the optic nerve to die (atrophy)
Inflammation - optic neuritis
Increased pressure - glaucoma
Ischaemia
Long-standing papillodema
What does papilloedema mean?
Optic disk swelling due to raised INTRACRANIAL pressure
If you see a patient with optic nerve imaging what imaging must be ordered
Neuro-imaging to rule out papilloedema
How does central retinal artery occlusion present (ss + fundoscopy)
Sudden profound vision loss
Cherry red spot (the macula is still intact and red, but the optic disk is pale due to occlusion)
Attenuated blood vessels
What causes central retinal artery occlusion
Emboli
Less common - vasculitis like giant cell arteritis
What causes central retinal vein occlusion?
Atherosclerotic retinal artery presses on the retinal vein occluding it
Fundoscopy findings of retinal vein occlusion
Extravasation of blood causes severe haemorrhages
Optic disk swelling
Cotton wool spots
Torturous veins
Age related macular degeneration is the most common cause of what?
Age related irreversible blindness
What are the different types of macular degeneration and which is more common
Dry - 90%
Wet
Findings of dry macular degeneration on fundoscopy
Yellow-white deposits called drusen
Findings of wet macular degeneration on fundoscopy
In wet macular degeneration, blood vessels form in macula , cause scar formation and haemorrhage (this can cause sudden vision loss)
Symptoms of macular degenration
Straight lines appear curvy
Distortion of fine and central vision
Vision is less bright
Words dissappear when looking directly at them
