Fundementals of pharmacology

Question 1

Define pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of drug interactions with living systems, modifying but not changing/ create new condition existing conditions (inhibiting or stimulating)

Question 2

What were the older anesthesia drugs

Answer 2

Henbane or Mandrake

Question 3

Which drugs are plant source

Answer 3

Atropine
Digoxin (used for heart failure)
Opiates
Quinine
Cannabis
Cocaine

Question 4

Which drugs are microorganism source

Answer 4

Penicillin
Neomycin
Vancomycin< Botulium toxin (botox- toxin used to paralyze muscles-> do not contract-> no wrinkles)
Cephalosporins

Question 5

Which drugs are animal source

Answer 5

Insulin
Exanatide (glucagon-like peptide- increases insulin released; used to treat type 2 diabetes)
Allantoin (Anti-microbial; helps in wound debriment as it eats necrotic tissue)
Human growth factor (used for patients with dwarfism)
Hirudin (Acts as anticoagulant)
Teprotide (Acts as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)

Question 6

A patient wishes to remove her face wrinkles to look younger, which drug is injected IM

Answer 6

Botulinum toxin

Question 7

A patient has type 2 DM, which drug is he given

Answer 7

Exenatide

Question 8

A patient has recently got into an accident and his wound has necrotic tissue on the lining, which drug is used

Answer 8

Allantonin

Question 9

A patient suffers from thrombosis and multiple clots in BVs, which drug is used for him

Answer 9

Hirudin

Question 10

A patient has hypertention, which drug is she prescribed

Answer 10

Teprotide

Question 11

Which type of mechanism do osmotic laxatives use

Answer 11

Physical mechanism

Question 12

A patients complains of constipation for the past 3 days, what drug is he prescribed

Answer 12

Osmotic laxatives

Question 13

Which type of mechanism do antacids use

Answer 13

Chemical mechanisms

Question 14

What are the 4 main targets for drug action

Answer 14

Ion channels (voltage gated ion channels)
Enzymes
Receptors
Carrier molecules

Question 15

Name a drug that targets ion channels

Answer 15

Local anesthetics are drugs that act on Na+ channels, lowering the nerve’s excitation so less pain

Question 16

Name 2 drug that targets enzymes

Answer 16

Captopril inhibits ACE enzyme, causing vasodilation. It’s used to treat hypertention

Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction

Question 17

Name a drug that targets carrier molecules

Answer 17

Digoxin binds to and inhibits the sodium/ potassium-ATPase pump of cardiac myocytes. It’s used in the treatment of congestive heart disease

Question 18

What is the 3 classification of drugs acting on specific receptor

Answer 18

Agonist: fully activate a given receptor
Antagonist: blocks a given receptors
Partial agonist: Partially actiavate a given receptor

Question 19

What are the 2 domains of a receptor

Answer 19

Ligand-binding domain: Site where a neurotransmitter binds
Effector domain: Side which mediates intracellular signalling inside the cell

Question 20

What are the 4 types of effector domain

Answer 20

Ligand-gated ion channels
Enzyme-linked receptors
G-protein coupled receptors
Nuclear receptors

Question 21

Give an example for receptor gated ion channel and it’s domain

Answer 21

Nicotine receptor
Effector domain (Na+ channel)

Question 22

Give an example for enzyme-linked receptor and it’s effector domain

Answer 22

Insulin receptor
Effector domain: Tyrosine kinase

Question 23

Give an example for G-protien-coupled receptor and it’s domain

Answer 23

Alpha-adrenergic receptor (1,2)
Beta-adrenergic receptor (1,2,3)
Effector domain: G-protein

Question 24

Give an example for Nuclear or DNA receptors and it’s domain

Answer 24

Glucocorticoid receptors
Vitamin D receptor
Effector domain: DNA