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Ophthalmology > Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Give the formulation categories of drugs used in ophthalmology

A
  1. Topical drugs
  2. Injectable drugs
  3. Oral drugs
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2
Q

Give the topical formulations used in eyes

A
  1. Solution
  2. Suspension
  3. Ointment
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3
Q

Summarise topical eye solutions

A
  • pH = 3.5 → 10.5
  • Sterile

pH + temperature = stability

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4
Q

Summarise topical eye suspensions

A
  • Drug is included in small particles
  • Tear dissolves these particles → Absorbed as a solution

This leads to a prolonged contact time

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5
Q

Summarise topical eye ointments

A
  • Oil/water based
  • Inhibition of corneal wound healing

pH & temp. is not so important in the stability

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6
Q

Give the application methods for topical eye therapy

A
  1. Dropping
  2. Ointmenting
  3. Subpalpebral methods
  4. Nasolacrimal methods
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7
Q

Give the application methods for injectable eye therapy

A
  1. Subconjunctival injection
  2. Retrobulbar injection
  3. Intravitreal injection
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8
Q

Give the application methods for systemic eye therapy

A
  1. IV & IM injection
  2. IV infusion
  3. PO administration
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9
Q

Summarise dropping as a method of topical eye therapy

A
  • Easily controlled dosage
  • Quick elimination from the eye by tears
  • Prevention of contamination by the container
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10
Q

Summarise ointments as a method of topical eye therapy

A
  • Less drug elimination than the dropping method
  • Application may be achieved with a finger
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11
Q

Summarise subpalpebral & nasolacrimal methods for topical eye therapy

  • Give indications for their use
A

Continuous/intermittent topical lavage may be achieved

Indications:

  1. Painful ocular conditions
  2. Tarsorrhaphy (when eyelids are sewn together)
  3. Long-term therapy
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12
Q

Give the fate of topical medication after it has been applied

A

Either:

  1. Washed out
  2. Absorbed by the conjunctival capillaries
  3. Penetration to the cornea
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13
Q

Absorption of lipid-soluble drugs

A
  • Easy absorption
  • Transcellular absorption

Therefore lipid-soluble would be your drug of choice

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14
Q

Absorption of water-soluble drugs

A
  • Poor absorption
  • Intercellular absorption
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15
Q

Higher/prolonged drug concentration may be achieved by…

A
  • ↑ Frequency of treatment
  • Improving the composition of the formulation
  • Alter the corneal surface
  • Use of drug delivery systems
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16
Q

Examples of drug delivery systems in the eye

A
  • Soft contact lenses
  • Absorbable/non-absorbable implants
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17
Q

Summarise the subconjunctival injection

A
  • Bypass of the cornea-conjunctiva barrier
  • ↑ Drug concentration in the anterior segment
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18
Q

Which drugs would be applied using the subconjunctival injection method?

A
  • Mydriatics
  • Antibiotics
  • Corticosteroids
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19
Q

Summarise the retrobulbar injection

A
  • ↑ Drug concentration in the orbit & posterior segment
  • The animal must be anaesthetised
  • Lower-lateral quadrant into the retrobulbar space
  • Injection may lead to an ↑ of IOP
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20
Q

Which drugs may be used for retrobulbar injection?

A
  • Small animal: Antibiotics & local anaesthetic
  • Cow: Local anaesthetic for exstirpation (eye removal)
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21
Q

Summarise the intravitreal injection

A
  • Penetration of drugs into the vitreous humor is poor
  • This must be performed under general anaesthesia
  • Lateral canthus, 2-3mm from the limbus
  • Remember to aspirate before injecting

Rarely performed

22
Q

Which drugs may be given by intravitreal injection

A

Antibiotics

23
Q

Which systemic drugs may given by IV/IM injection for the eye?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatories
24
Q

Which systemic drugs may given by IV infusion for the eye?

A

Hyperosmotics

25
Which **systemic** drugs may given Per Os for the eye?
* Antibiotics * Anti-inflammatories * Hyperosmotics
26
Route of administration for lesions in the: **Cornea** or **Conjunctiva**
* Topical application * Subconjunctival injection
27
Route of administration for lesions in the: **Anterior uveal tract**
* Subconjunctival injection * Systemic application
28
Route of administration for lesions in the: **Posterior uvea**
* Retrobulbar injection * Systemic application
29
Route of administration for lesions in the: **Vitreous humor**
* Intravitreal injection * (Systemic application)
30
Which **sympathetic** sites may **autonomic drugs** be used for in the eye?
* *m. dilator pupillae* * *glandula lacrimalis*
31
Which **parasympathetic** sites may **autonomic drugs** be used for in the eye?
* *m. sphincter pupillae* * *m. cilicaris* * *glandula lacrimalis*
32
List the **physiological** **functions** of autonomic drugs in the eye
1. Mydriasis 2. Miosis 3. Cycloplegia 4. Cyclospasm
33
Define: **Mydriasis**
Dilation of the pupil
34
Define: **Miosis**
Constriction of the pupil
35
Define: **Cycloplegia**
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle
36
Define: **Cyclospasm**
Constriction of the ciliary muscle
37
**Function** of **parasympatholytics** in the eye
1. Blocking of the *m. sphincter pupillae* & *​m. ciliaris* 2. **Mydriasis** **with** **cycloplegia**
38
List the **parasympatholytics** used in the eye
* **Atropine** * **Tropicamide** * Homatropine * Cyclopentolate
39
Summarise **atropine** as an ophthalmic drug
* Strong cycloplegic * Strong mydriatic in **pre- & post-operative therapy** * May ↑ IOP & induce salivation *Not to be used as a diagnostic mydriatic*​
40
Summarise **tropicamide** as an ophthalmic drug
* Fast-acting, effective mydriatic * Poor cycloplegic * **Ideal for inducing diagnostic mydriasis** * Ø Side effects
41
**Function** of **parasympathomimetics** in the eye
Stimulation of *m. sphincter pupillae* & *m. ciliaris* 1. Miosis & cyclospasm → 2. ↑ Outflow → 3. **↓ IOP**
42
List the **parasympathomimetics** used in the eye
* **Pilocarpine** * Carbachol * Echothiophat * Demecarium * Isoflurophate
43
Summarise **pilocarpine** as an ophthalmic drug
* Used for the therapy of **↑ IOP** & **dry eye syndrome** * Sometimes may have side effects * Formulised as a solution or gel
44
Function of **sympatholytics** in the eye
Blocking of *m. dilator pupillae* function * **Miosis**
45
List the **sympatholytics** used in the eye
* **Timolol** * **Betaxolol**
46
Summarise **timolol** & **betaxolol** as ophthalmic drugs
* Used in the treatment of ↑ IOP ## Footnote *Note that this is not as a result of the miosis*
47
Function of the **sympathomimetics** in the eye
Stimulation of the *m. dilator pupillae* & smooth muscles of the vessels * **Mydriasis** * Vasoconstriction
48
List the **sympathomimetics** used in the eye
* Phenylephrine * Adrenaline
49
Summarise **phenylephrine** as an ophthalmic drug
* Used for induction of pre- & post-operative mydriasis * **Additive effect with parasympatholytics**
50
Summarise **adrenaline** as an ophthalmic drug
* **Ineffective mydriasis**: Penetrates the eye and is quickly destroyed * Solution for injection: **Relieves mild haemorrhage**

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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