Fundamentals of Planning Video Notes Flashcards
Acre
43.560 sq ft
Square Mile
640 Acres
Hectare
100 sq meters or 2.47 acres
Parking Space
20 x 10 ft (200sq ft + 200 for maneuvering)
Land Ordinance of 1785
Legislation that established a systematic method for surveying and selling public lands in the United States.
Homestead Act
Law that granted settlers 160 acres of public land in exchange for living on and cultivating it for five years.
Morrill Act
Legislation that provided federal land to states to establish colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts leading to the creation of land-grant universities.
General Revision Act
Legislation that authorized the President to appoint a commission to review and consolidate federal statutes relating to public lands.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
Model legislation that encouraged states to adopt zoning laws to regulate land use.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
Model legislation that encouraged municipalities to establish planning commissions and adopt comprehensive plans for urban development.
Planning of Washington DC
The comprehensive urban design and layout of the capital city of the United States established by Pierre Charles L’Enfant.
Planning of Paris
The organized and systematic development of the city of Paris which included the renovation of boulevards parks and public spaces.
City Beautiful Movement
A reform movement in urban planning and design that aimed to beautify cities with grand boulevards monumental buildings and green spaces.
The “White City”
Refers to the neoclassical architecture and grandiose design of the World’s Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893.
L’Enfants Plan 1901
A comprehensive plan for the development of Washington D.C. created by the McMillan Commission named after Pierre Charles L’Enfant.
Chicago Plan 1909
A comprehensive plan for the city of Chicago that proposed improvements in transportation housing and public spaces.
Garden Cities
Planned communities designed to provide residents with the benefits of both urban and rural living typically featuring green spaces and self-contained amenities.
City Functional
A planning concept that emphasizes the organization of cities based on the efficient distribution of functions and services.
NYC Zoning Code 1916
The first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States which regulated land use and building height in New York City.
Edward M. Bassett
An influential figure in urban planning and zoning known for his role in drafting the NYC Zoning Code of 1916. (Father of Zoning)
Euclid vs. Ambler 1926
A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of zoning ordinances establishing the legality of zoning as a tool for urban planning.
Regional Plan of New York and its Environs 1929
A comprehensive plan for the development of the New York metropolitan area addressing transportation land use and environmental concerns.
Neighborhood Unit
A planning concept proposed by Clarence Perry advocating for small self-contained neighborhoods with easy access to schools parks and local services.
Regional Planning Association of America 1923
A planning organization founded to promote comprehensive regional planning and address urbanization challenges in the United States.
Greenbelt near DC 1937
The establishment of Greenbelt Maryland as part of the New Deal’s Resettlement Administration aimed at providing affordable housing and promoting cooperative living arrangements near Washington D.C.
Suburban Expansion
Suburban housing (National Housing Act) Automobile Policy (Interstates) Regional Infrastructure (TVA)
Concentric (Burgess) Model
Cities grow in circles and get layers over time
Sector (Hoyt) Model
There are parts of cities that focus on different uses and they may go out different distances.
Harris-Ullman: Multiple Nuclei Model
Cities have multiple centers (Nuclei) and different gathering places for unique uses
Delegation of Power
The transfer of authority or responsibility from one entity to another.
Procedural Due Process
Fair treatment in legal proceedings ensuring that individuals are provided with notice and an opportunity to be heard.
Substantive Due Process
Protection against arbitrary government actions that infringe upon fundamental rights or liberties.
Equal Protection
The principle that all individuals are entitled to equal treatment under the law without discrimination or favoritism.
Freedom of Speech
The right to express opinions and ideas without censorship or restraint by the government.
Just compensation
Fair and adequate payment or reimbursement provided by the government for private property taken for public use through eminent domain.
Young v. American Mini Theaters 1976
Supreme Court case upholding zoning regulations limiting the concentration of adult theaters in certain areas.
Metromedia Inc v. City of San Diego 1981
Supreme Court decision striking down a city ordinance restricting outdoor advertising signs as a violation of free speech.
Los Angeles City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent 1984
Supreme Court case invalidating a city ordinance limiting the number of political campaign signs on private property as an infringement on free speech.
City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters Inc. 1986
Supreme Court ruling allowing cities to regulate the location of adult businesses as a means of reducing secondary effects.
City of Ladue v. Gilleo 1994
Supreme Court case affirming the right of individuals to display non-commercial signs on their property striking down a city ordinance banning such signs.
Reed v. Town of Gilbert 2015
Supreme Court decision holding that content-based restrictions on signage violate the First Amendment’s free speech protections.
Berman v. Parker 1954
Supreme Court case affirming the government’s power of eminent domain for urban renewal and slum clearance projects.
Penn Central Transportaion Co v. The City of New York 1978
Supreme Court case establishing the “Penn Central Test” for determining regulatory takings under the Fifth Amendment.
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission 1987
Supreme Court decision requiring a nexus between the government’s legitimate interest and the conditions imposed on land-use permits.
Dolan v. Tigard 1994
Supreme Court ruling requiring that government exactions for land-use permits be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed development.
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Concil v. Tahoe
Supreme Court case holding that a temporary moratorium on development did not constitute a taking under the Fifth Amendment.
Kelo v. City of New London 2005
Supreme Court decision allowing the use of eminent domain for economic development purposes even for private development.
Village of Belle Terre v. Boarraas 1974
Supreme Court case upholding a zoning ordinance restricting unrelated individuals from living together in a single-family residential zone.
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel 1975 1983
Series of New Jersey Supreme Court decisions establishing the “Mount Laurel Doctrine” requiring municipalities to provide a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income residents.
Welch v. Swasey 1909
Supreme Court case affirming the power of states to regulate nuisances caused by industrial activities.
Hadacheck v. Sebastian 1915
Supreme Court decision upholding a zoning ordinance as a valid exercise of police power to protect public health and safety.
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 1926
Landmark Supreme Court case establishing the constitutionality of zoning ordinances and the principle of comprehensive land-use regulation.
Police Power
The authority of state and local governments to enact and enforce laws and regulations for the health safety welfare and morals of their residents including measures such as zoning ordinances building codes and public health regulations.
Eminent Domain
The power of a government to take private property for public use provided that just compensation is paid to the property owner. This power is typically exercised for purposes such as building roads schools or other public infrastructure projects.
Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County v. Cirt of Petaluma 1971
A case where the court upheld a city’s zoning ordinance regulating land use finding it constitutional and not in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo 1972
A case where the court upheld a town’s denial of a building permit affirming the validity of zoning regulations in preserving community character and preventing overdevelopment.
Associated Homebuildrs v. City of Livermore 1976
A case in which the court upheld a city’s zoning ordinance limiting residential development ruling that it was a valid exercise of the city’s police power to protect public welfare.
Coming to a Nuisance
Legal doctrine holding that a person who moves into an area already affected by a nuisance cannot later sue the party responsible for the nuisance.
“Amortization” of Use
The process by which non-conforming land uses are phased out or discontinued over time usually through zoning regulations or other land use ordinances.
Spur industries v. Webb Development Company 1972
A case where the court ruled that a city’s rezoning of land from industrial to residential use did not constitute a regulatory taking as it did not deprive the property owner of all economically viable use of the land.
