Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
What organization emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials on October 1 1978
The American Planning Association (APA)
What is the purpose of the American Planning Association (APA)
APA is organized exclusively for charitable educational literary and scientific purposes to advance the art and science of planning and the activity of planning — physical economic and social — at various levels
What is the role of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) within APA
AICP is responsible for the national certification of professional planners
When was the American City Planning Institute incorporated and what was it later renamed
The American City Planning Institute was incorporated in 1917 and later renamed the American Institute of Planners in 1939
When and where was the first national planning conference held and where was the first city planning course taught
In 1909 the first national planning conference was held at the National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington DC In the same year the first city planning course was taught in Harvards Landscape Architecture Department
What significant event occurred in 1912 regarding city planning education
In 1912 Walter Moody published Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education marking the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level
Who wrote the first major textbook on city planning in 1914
Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan the first major textbook on city planning
When was the American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACPI) founded and who was its first president
The ACPI was founded in 1917 with Frederick Law Olmsted Jr serving as its first president
What significant event occurred in 1925 regarding publications in city planning
In 1925 the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association
When was the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded
ASPO was founded in 1934
In what year did the American Institute of Planners (AIP) adopt a Code of Ethics for professional planners
In 1971 AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners
When was the first exam for AIP membership administered
In 1977 the first exam for AIP membership was administered
In what year was the American Planning Association created and through what merger
In 1978 the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO
When was the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research published
In 1981 the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research
In what year did San Francisco pass the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses
In 1867
Who were responsible for developing Clevelands first local civic center plan in 1903
Daniel Burnham John Carrere and Arnold Brunner
What major American city was the first to apply City Beautiful principles in 1906 using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham
San Francisco
In what year was the first town planning board created in Hartford Connecticut
In 1907
Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago in 1909 and what significant event happened regarding land use zoning the same year
Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago Wisconsin passed enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development
In what year did Newark New Jersey hire its first full-time employee for a city planning commission and who was he
In 1914 Harland Bartholomew
When did New York City adopt the first comprehensive zoning code and who wrote it
In 1916 Edward Bassett
In what year did Los Angeles County form the first regional planning commission
In 1922
When did Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce issue the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
In 1924
What major US city was the first to adopt a comprehensive plan in 1925 and who were the planners
The City of Cincinnati planned by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
When was the Standard City Planning Enabling Act released by the US Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover
In 1928
In what year was the first US National Planning Board created and what was its subsequent name
In 1933 later renamed the National Resources Planning Board
Where was the first federally supported public housing constructed in 1934
Cleveland
Which state was the first to introduce statewide zoning in 1961
Hawaii
How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis Exposé on living conditions in New York Citys tenements Resulted in housing reform in New York City
To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Ebenezer Howard. 19. Initiated the Garden City movement (Garden Cities of To-morrow)
Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago
Walter Moody Details the Plan of Chicago Adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago
Carrying Out the City Plan
Flavel Shurtleff. 1914. The first textbook on the legal framework for city planning.
Cities in Evolution
Patrick Geddes.1915. Focuses on regional planning. Known as the “father of regional planning”
Planning of the Modern City
Nelson Lewis
Local Planning Administration
Ladislas Segoe First book in the Green Book Series by ICMA Established standards for local planning administration
Urban Land Use Planning
F Stuart Chapin Land use planning Became a common textbook on land use planning
Image of the City
Kevin Lynch. 1960. People form mental maps of their surroundings consisting of five basic elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jane Jacobs Critical look at urban planning focusing on urban renewal Offered a critical perspective on urban planning practices
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson Negative effects of pesticides on the environment Sparked environmental movements and legislation
The Urban General Plan
TJ Kent. 1964. Kent provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.
With Heritage So Rich
Alfred Reins Historic preservation Seminal book on historic preservation
Design with Nature
Ian McHarg Conservation design Introduced overlay techniques later used in GIS
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
William Whyte. 1980. Environmental psychology and sociology in urban design. Investigates and analyses human behaviour in public space.
Who created the New York Housing Authority and published “The City is the Frontier” in 1965 critical of federal policies on slum clearance and public housing
Charles Abrams
Which planner was involved in the Garden City movement managed Letchworth and later taught at MIT and Harvard
Thomas Adams
Who advocated for community organizing organized Chicagos poor and authored “Reveille for Radicals” and “Rules for Radicals”
Saul Alinsky
Who authored “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” in 1969 describing levels of citizen involvement
Sherry Arnstein
Who was a prominent figure in the City Beautiful movement known for his work on the 1893 Columbian Exposition and the 1909 Plan of Chicago
Daniel Burnham
Who authored “Silent Spring” an influential book in environmental planning
Rachel Carson
Who transformed New York Citys public works in the mid-20th century expanding the states park system and building various infrastructure
Robert Moses
Who designed Mariemont Ohio and contributed to planning in Florida and Wisconsin as well as designing Venice Florida
John Nolen
Who is considered the father of landscape architecture responsible for Central and Prospect Parks in New York City among other notable projects
Frederick Law Olmsted Sr
Who developed the neighborhood unit concept and contributed to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs
Clarence Perry
Who designed Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on environmental sustainability
Paolo Soleri
Who designed Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn and wrote “New Town for America” in 1951
Clarence Stein
Who served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal and was involved in the development of Arthurdale West Virginia
Rexford Tugwell
Who was an English town planner designer of Letchworth and author of “Town Planning in Practice”
Sir Raymond Unwin
Who was a founder of American housing policy served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America and wrote “Modern Housing”
Catherine Bauer Wurster
What was the goal of the City Beautiful Movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s
To address issues of severe poverty crime and blight through the creation of beautiful cities
Who was a prominent leader in promoting the City Beautiful Movement
Daniel Burnham
What architectural style characterized the civic centers created as a result of the City Beautiful Movement
Beaux-Arts style
What was the first model civic center created by Daniel Burnham for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893
The White City
Which plan sought to resurrect LEnfants 1791 Plan for Washington DC and restore the city to civic greatness
The McMillan Plan of 1901
What were the principles behind the Garden City Movement as outlined by Ebenezer Howard
Self-containment economic and social reform land ownership held by a corporation
How many people were intended to live in a Garden City according to Howards plan
30000 people on 1000 acres
What was the first English city constructed according to the Garden City principles
Letchworth
Who were some of the leaders of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) promoting the Garden City concept in the United States
Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye
In what year did the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn New Jersey begin
In 1928
What was the City Efficient movement a reaction against and what was its focus
It was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement focusing on function and efficiency
What was the primary concern of the City Humane movement that arose in the 1930s
Jobs and housing
What was the purpose of the Resettlement Administration established by President Roosevelt in 1935
To develop Greenbelt towns based on Howards ideas
What were some examples of new communities developed in Great Britain following the New Towns Act of 1946
Examples include Harlow Stevenage and Crawley
What characterized the City Functional Movement developed during the 1940s
Administrative efficiency
Who was the creator of the City Beautiful Movement
Daniel Burnham
In what time period did the City Beautiful Movement emerge
Late 1800s and early 1900s
Who were the leaders of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) promoting the Garden City concept in the United States
Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye
What was the date when the first Garden City Letchworth was constructed
Established 1903
Who authored “To-morrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” which later became known as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”
Ebenezer Howard
Who denounced the City Beautiful movement at the first planning conference in 1909
City Efficient leaders
Who established the Resettlement Administration during the Great Depression in 1935
President Roosevelt
What was the purpose of the Green Towns Program initiated by the Resettlement Administration
To develop Greenbelt towns based on Howards ideas
Who passed the New Towns Act in 1946 leading to the development of new communities based on Garden City principles in Great Britain
Great Britain
What characterized the City Functional Movement developed during the 1940s
Administrative efficiency
What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 provide for
Rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest
What did the Homestead Act of 1862 offer settlers
160 acres of land for a fee of 18 and a guarantee of five years of residence
What did the Morrill Act of 1862 allow new western states to establish
Colleges
What was the purpose of the General Land Law Revision Act of 1891
Provided the President with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation
What did the Forest Management Act of 1897 allow the Secretary of the Interior to do
Manage forest preserves
What did the US Reclamation Act of 1902 allow for
Use funds from the sale of public land in arid states to construct water storage and irrigation systems
What was the aim of President Theodore Roosevelts appointment of the Public Lands Commission in 1903
To propose rules for land development and management
What was the significance of the Antiquities Act of 1906
Federal protection for archaeological sites allowing for the designation of National Monuments
What was the purpose of the Resettlement Administration formed in 1935
To carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform resulting in the development of Greenbelt towns
What did the Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 or GI Bill guarantee to veterans
Home loans
Who developed the Chicago Plan of 1909 considered the first regional plan in the US
Daniel Burnham
What were the main focuses of the Chicago Plan of 1909
Waterfront development parks and civic center spaces
What criticism was directed towards the Chicago Plan of 1909
Failure to address issues like housing poverty and transportation efficiency
Which city saw the development of the first comprehensive plan in 1925
Cincinnati
Who were the individuals responsible for directing the development of the Cincinnati Plan
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
What was the focus of the Regional Plan for New York and Environs created between 1922 and 1929
Suburban development highway construction and suburban recreational facilities
Who were some of the notable figures involved in the creation of the Regional Plan for New York and Environs
Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford
What event led to an increase in comprehensive planning following World War II
The rapid development of suburban areas
What was the impetus for comprehensive planning provided by the US Housing Act of 1954
It required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701
What problem was associated with the planning conducted under Section 701 of the US Housing Act of 1954
It led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than truly planning for communities
How did the focus of comprehensive plans shift during the 1970s and 1980s
Comprehensive plans shifted to focus on concerns of equity neighborhood preservation affordable housing environmental protection and historic preservation
What example of a comprehensive plan from the 1970s addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation
The Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs
Which states introduced laws requiring comprehensive planning during the 1970s and 1980s
Oregon and Minnesota
In what year did Florida pass a law requiring communities to develop comprehensive plans
In 1985 Florida passed a law that required communities to develop comprehensive plans
Who developed the Concentric Circle Theory in 1925
Ernest Burgess
What was Ernest Burgesss academic background
He was a sociologist
What aspect of urban growth did Burgess study
The growth of Chicago
How did Burgess believe cities grow according to the Concentric Circle Theory
In a series of outward rings with land use based on distance from downtown
How many rings are there in Burgesss theory of urban development
Five rings
What does the central business district (CBD) house in Burgesss theory
A concentration of governmental office and commercial uses
Which ring in the Concentric Circle Theory has a mix of industrial and low-income housing
The zone of transition
What does the commuter zone in Burgesss theory comprise
Higher-income housing
What is the bid rent curve based on according to Burgesss work
How much people are willing to pay for land based on the profits likely to be received from maintaining a business on that land
Why is the central business district (CBD) considered to be at the steep end of the bid rent curve
It has the highest number of customers and therefore the most profit
Who developed the Sector Theory in 1939
Homer Hoyt
What did Hoyt (Sector Theory) disagree with regarding city growth theories
He disagreed with Burgess (Concentric Circle Growth) conception of city growth
According to Sector Theory how is the city organized
The city is a series of sectors radiating out from the center based on transportation routes
Who developed the Multiple Nuclei Theory in 1945
Harris and Ullman
What is the basis for the formation of land use nuclei in the Multiple Nuclei Theory
Accessibility to natural resources clustering of similar uses land prices and the repelling power of land uses
Who developed Central Place Theory in 1933
Walter Christaller
What was the purpose of Central Place Theory
To explain the size and spacing of cities
How does Central Place Theory explain the size and spacing of cities
It states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and a maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services
What does Central Place Theory state about the minimum market threshold for bringing a firm to a city
There is a minimum market threshold
According to Central Place Theory what is the maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services
There is a maximum range of people willing to travel
Besides explaining city size and spacing how else can Central Place Theory be useful
It can be useful as a way of understanding the hierarchy of retail establishments in cities
Guarantees freedoms concerning religion expression assembly and the right to petition
The First Amendment
Protects against abuse of government authority in legal procedures ensuring due process and prohibiting self-incrimination and double jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment
Addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law prohibiting states from denying any person “life liberty or property without due process of law”
The Fourteenth Amendment
What are the three major constitutional principles associated with planning
rst Amendment Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment
How is freedom of speech applied within the framework of the First Amendment in planning
Freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs
Which constitutional principle applies in cases of takings and eminent domain requiring just compensation
The Fifth Amendment
What types of due process are defined by the Fourteenth Amendment
Due process substantive due process procedural due process and equal protection
How is substantive due process applied in planning
Substantive due process is about the validity of the rule itself which might include issues of aesthetics
What does procedural due process entail in planning
Procedural due process is about whether the rules were applied fairly which might include how an ordinance was applied
What aspect of planning might equal protection be applied to
Equal protection is often applied to exclusionary zoning
What happens if property is taken without just compensation according to the Constitution
Its considered a violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments
Welch v Swasey
The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height upholding a Massachusetts act limiting building heights as a proper exercise of police power
Eubank v City of Richmond
The Court struck down an ordinance allowing private citizens to establish building lines but acknowledged the validity of building line establishment as a police power
Hadacheck v Sebastian
The Court approved the regulation of land use location upholding a Los Angeles zoning ordinance prohibiting brick production in a specific area
Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co
The Court upheld modern zoning as a proper use of police power stating that zoning ordinances should be upheld as long as a community perceives a threat of nuisance
Nectow v City of Cambridge
The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance for lacking a valid public purpose violating the due process clause of the 14th Amendment
Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo
The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on various factors allowing approval upon reaching a certain point level
Construction Industry of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma
The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued by a city
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v City of Livermore
The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits imposed by a city
Brandt Revocable Trust v United States (2013)
The Court determined that the 1875 General Railroad Right-of-Way Act grants an easement for the railroad’s land and upon abandonment the land reverts to the previous owner
Massachusetts v EPA Inc
The Court ruled that the EPA must provide a reasonable justification for its decision not to regulate greenhouse gases
Rapanos v United States
The Court held that the Army Corp of Engineers must establish a significant connection between a wetland and a navigable waterway
SD Warren v Maine Board of Environmental Protection
The Court decided that hydroelectric dams are subject to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act
Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v Inclusive Communities Project Inc
The Supreme Court affirmed that disparate impact is the appropriate standard for evaluating the Fair Housing Act ruling that policies inadvertently relegating minorities to poor areas violate the Act
Young v American Mini Theaters Inc (1976)
The Court upheld a zoning scheme decentralizing sexually oriented businesses in Detroit
Metromedia Inc v City of San Diego (1981)
The Court ruled that commercial and noncommercial speech cannot be treated differently overturning an ordinance banning all off-premises signs
Members of City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)
The Court upheld a Los Angeles ordinance banning attaching signs to utility poles citing aesthetic regulation as valid as long as it doesnt target sign content
City of Renton v Playtime Theatres Inc (1986)
The Court upheld a zoning ordinance limiting sexually oriented businesses to a single district determining it regulated secondary effects not content
Reed et al v Town of Gilbert Arizona (2014)
The Court ruled that Gilberts sign ordinance which imposed stricter restrictions on signs directing to meetings violated the First Amendments free speech clause and the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause
United States v Gettysburg Electric Railway Company (1896)
Upheld the acquisition of Gettysburg National Battlefield as serving a valid public purpose marking a significant case in historic preservation
Pennsylvania Coal Co v Mahon (1922)
Defined a taking under the Fifth Amendment stating that if a regulation goes too far it may be recognized as a taking
Berman v Parker (1954)
Held that aesthetics and urban renewal constitute valid public purposes
Fred French Investing Co v City of New York (1976)
Invalidated a regulation requiring a public park on private property though not ruled as a compensable taking
Penn Central Transportation Co v The City of New York (1978)
Found that New York Citys landmark preservation law did not constitute a compensable taking
Agins v City of Tiburon (1980)
Upheld a citys right to low-density zoning determining it was not a taking
Loretto v Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation (1982)
Found that a permanent physical occupation of private property constitutes a taking
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v County of Los Angeles (1987)
Established that if property is rendered unusable the government may be liable for damages
Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v DeBenedictis (1987)
Upheld regulations under the Bituminous Mine Subsidence Act determining they did not constitute a taking
FCC v Florida Power Corporation (1987)
Found that a federal statute regulating utility rents did not result in a taking
Nollan v California Coastal Commission (1987)
Found that requiring beachfront access did not constitute a taking but required compensation
Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)
Established that a total reduction in property value can constitute a taking
Dolan v Tigard (1994)
Overturned an exaction requiring dedication of property establishing the “rough proportionality” test
Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1997)
Ruled that a property owner need not attempt to sell development rights before claiming a taking
City of Monterey v Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd (1999)
Upheld a jury award for repeated denials of a development permit
Palazzolo v Rhode Island (2001)
Affirmed that acquisition of title after regulations does not bar a takings claim
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council Inc et al v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al (2002)
Found that temporary moratoria on development did not constitute a taking
Lingle v Chevron USA Inc (2005)
Reversed a portion of Agins v City of Tiburon requiring that regulations substantially advance legitimate state interests
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams (2005)
Ruled that a radio operator denied a conditional use permit could not seek damages
Kelo v City of New London (2005)
Held that economic development through eminent domain is a public use (not a taking)
Stop the Beach Renourishment Inc v Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2009)
Determined that beach reclamation did not constitute a taking
Koontz v St Johns River Water Management (2012)
Found that a taking occurred when a permit was denied unless the landowner agreed to dedicate land for public use
Munn v Illinois (1876)
Established the principle of public regulation of private businesses in the public interest ruling that a state law regulating pricing did not violate due process
Mugler v Kansas (1887)
Affirmed the states authority to prohibit the use of property for purposes declared injurious to the health morals or safety of the community upholding a law prohibiting liquor sales
Village of Belle Terre v Boaraas (1974)
Upheld a regulation prohibiting more than two unrelated individuals from living together as a single-family extending the concept of zoning to include a communitys desire for certain types of lifestyles
Village of Arlington Heights v Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation (1977)
Overturned previous findings to determine insufficient evidence of racial discrimination in a zoning case reprimanding lower courts for further consideration
Southern Burlington County NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (1975)
Found that a town had exclusionary zoning prohibiting certain housing types requiring the town to open its doors to residents of all income levels
City of Boerne v Flores (1997)
Ruled the Religious Freedom Restoration Act unconstitutional as it exceeded the enforcement powers of the Fourteenth Amendment in a case involving a churchs enlargement prohibition in a historic district
What is the source of state police power in the United States
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution grants states the right to regulate behavior and enforce laws for the health safety morals and general welfare of the people
What was the Supreme Court ruling in Mugler v Kansas (1887)
In Mugler v Kansas (1887) the Supreme Court upheld a states right to regulate a brewery affirming the states exercise of police power
How do state governments grant police power to local governments
State governments grant police power to local governments by delegating varying levels of authority depending on the state
What is Dillons Rule and in how many states is it applied to municipalities
Dillons Rule is a legal principle applied in 39 states where municipalities only possess powers explicitly granted by the state
What distinguishes Home Rule states in terms of municipal regulations
Home Rule states allow cities to develop their own regulations unless expressly prohibited by the state
What is Rational Planning
Involves a systematic approach to decision-making where goals are set alternatives are determined evaluated and a choice is made based on the best solution However it assumes perfect knowledge which is unrealistic and cannot effectively address “wicked” problems that are complex and multifaceted
What is Incemental Planning
Proposed by Charles Lindblom suggests that planning occurs gradually through small successive steps rather than comprehensive overhauls Decision-makers compare and evaluate incremental changes rather than analyzing all alternatives at once focusing on solving existing problems rather than achieving a future desired state
What is Mixed Scanning Planning
Combines elements of rational and incremental planning It involves making fundamental policy-shaping decisions based on rational analysis while using an incremental approach for implementation decisions
What is Advocacy Planning
Developed by Paul Davidoff emphasizes representing the interests of specific groups within a community rather than the broader public interest Planners work to create plans that reflect the values and objectives of these interest groups leading to plural plans for public consideration
What is Transactive Planning
Involves getting the public more involved in the planning process Planners engage with individuals in the community to discuss issues and develop plans through mutual learning where technical knowledge is shared and community knowledge is considered
What is Radical Planning
Seeks to decentralize power from the government to the people allowing citizens to develop and implement their own plans It aims to empower communities and promote grassroots decision-making
What is Communicative Planning
Emphasizes open planning processes with extensive citizen participation Planners act as facilitators to bring together stakeholders mediate discussions and foster consensus among different viewpoints aiming to achieve mutual understanding and agreement
What role should visioning and goal setting play in integrating public health into planning efforts
Public health practitioners should have a seat at the table during visioning sessions to educate the public about the intersection of development and public health
How can planners incorporate public health considerations into plans and planning
Planners should provide a narrative description in comprehensive plans outlining the rationale for addressing health physical activity and accessibility for all individuals
What are some examples of implementation tools that can promote public health through planning efforts
Reform of zoning and subdivision regulations is an example of implementation tools that can enhance public health by promoting walkability and transit use
How does site design and development contribute to public health goals
Site design and development efforts can promote public health by creating pedestrian-friendly environments that encourage physical activity
In what way can public facility siting and capital spending support public health initiatives
Public facility siting and capital spending initiatives can enhance walkability around public facilities such as schools further promoting physical activity and accessibility
What demographic trends are projected for the United States by 2050
The non-Hispanic white population is projected to become a minority (47) by 2050 and the nation’s older population will more than double in size
How did the 2020 Decennial Census of Population differ from previous censuses in terms of response methods
The 2020 Census was the first time all households were invited to respond online
What were some changes introduced in the 2010 Decennial Census of Population and Housing
The 2010 Census saw the discontinuation of the long form with households receiving only a short form with 10 questions
How did the rate of response to the Census change between 1990 2000 and 2010
Census response rates increased from 65 in 1990 to 74 in 2010 with 80 of self-responses in 2020 being online
What definitions distinguish urban and rural areas in the Census
Urban areas are defined based on housing unit and population density criteria
What is the definition of an urban area according to the 2020 Census
An urban area comprises densely settled census blocks meeting minimum density requirements and containing non-residential urban land uses
How is a Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) defined
A Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a population of more than 10000 but less than 50000 people
What is the significance of Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs)
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs) are made up of several Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs)
What is the definition of a Megalopolis
A Megalopolis is a multi-city urban area with more than 10 million inhabitants
What are the components of the hierarchy of Census geographic entities
The hierarchy includes Census tracts blocks block groups Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs) and Tribal Designated Statistical Areas
How is threshold population used in government programs
Threshold population determines program eligibility such as for Phase II Stormwater requirements or Community Development Block Grant Funds
What are Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) used for
Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) provide data available through the American Community Survey
Where can you find information about population trends in the US
Population trends in the US can be found in the 2020 Census Briefs and Reports Pew Research Center Census Scope and Social Explorer
What percentage of the US population lives in urban areas
80 of the US population lives in urban areas
Which states experienced the largest numeric increase in population from 2010 to 2020
Texas experienced the largest numeric increase in population from 2010 to 2020 followed by Florida California Georgia and Washington
What is the American Community Survey (ACS) and how often is it conducted
The American Community Survey (ACS) replaced the long form in the decennial Census and surveys 25 of the population annually
What is a significant difference between the long form and the ACS
The ACS asks for income received in the last 12 months on a rolling basis unlike the long form
How is individual respondent information protected in the Census and ACS
Individual respondent information in the Census and ACS is protected under Title 13 of the US Code and released by the National Archives after 72 years
Who are Baby Boomers and when were they born
Baby Boomers are people born in the United States between 1946 and 1964
What are the defining characteristics of Generation X Millennials and Generation Z
Generation X includes those born between 1965 and 1976 Millennials between approximately 1977 and 2000 and Generation Z includes those born after 2000
What is equity and what does it entail for planners
Equity in planning involves ensuring fair and impartial treatment such as distributing funding or providing equal access to public resources
Why is it important for planners to understand historical discrimination when addressing equity
Planners need to understand historical discrimination to comprehend how inequities have been created over time
What is diversity and what does it involve for planners
Diversity in planning means valuing and including different perspectives to reflect multiple values and preferences
Besides race what other factors should planners consider when promoting diversity
Planners should consider factors like income culture and ability in addition to race when promoting diversity
What does inclusion entail for planners
Inclusion for planners involves allowing people to participate in the process through robust open and diverse community engagement
How can planners support communities of color according to “Planning for Diverse Communities”
Planners can support communities of color by expanding economic opportunities addressing mobility issues offering diverse housing options and enhancing placemaking
What is cultural competency and why is it important for planners
Cultural competency is the ability to work effectively in cross-cultural situations integrating policies and procedures that respect and engage diverse communities
How have racism and segregation impacted community planning according to Planning Magazine
Racism and segregation have impacted community planning by creating disparities in income homeownership and opportunities as highlighted in statistics and reports like those from Planning Magazine and the MPC
What recommendations did Chicagos Metropolitan Planning Council (MPC) make for addressing segregation and racism
Chicagos MPC recommended establishing a graduated real estate transfer tax investing equitably across the region utilizing vacant lands improving health through development and using equity as a measure for transportation planning
How can planners advance social justice in the area of housing
Planners can advance social justice in housing by providing affordable multifamily housing options in high-opportunity areas and protecting existing affordable housing
What is a core value of planning related to sustainability and what does it entail
A core value of planning related to sustainability is ensuring harmony with nature resilient economies healthy communities and responsible regionalism
What are the required principles processes and attributes outlined in APAs Comprehensive Plan Standards for Sustaining Places
The required principles in APAs Comprehensive Plan Standards for Sustaining Places include livable built environment harmony with nature resilient economy interwoven equity healthy community and responsible regionalism along with authentic participation and accountable implementation processes and consistent content and coordinated characteristics attributes
What is environmental justice primarily concerned with
Environmental justice is primarily concerned with redressing environmental racism and addressing the inequitable distribution of environmental hazards
What is environmental racism and how does it affect communities
Environmental racism refers to the influence of race on the location of hazardous waste highways and other noxious land uses often disproportionately affecting poor communities and communities of color
How does Californias SB 1000 address environmental justice
Californias SB 1000 requires cities to consider environmental justice in their planning process ensuring that environmental equity is integrated into local policies and decision-making
What are some examples of policies that might be included in an “Environmental Justice” plan
An “Environmental Justice” plan might include overhauling zoning to prevent mixing auto services manufacturing centers and warehouses with residential neighborhoods prioritizing compact mixed-use development for affordable housing and public transit accessibility cleaning up contaminated brownfield sites distributing parks more evenly throughout neighborhoods and avoiding siting new “sensitive land uses” near freeways unless aligned with smart growth open space or transit-oriented goals
How have new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) impacted the transportation sector
ICT has led to the expansion of on-demand transportation services like Uber and Lyft the use of drones for package delivery and the development of autonomous vehicles for goods and passenger transport
What is “big data” and how is it relevant to urban planning
“Big data” refers to the rapid collection of large amounts of data which can be utilized by planners to optimize transit systems monitor urban activities and inform development decisions
How does cloud technology contribute to urban planning analysis
Cloud technology allows for the processing and analysis of large datasets that exceed traditional computing capabilities enabling more complex planning analysis and computation
What role do information technologies play in citizen-government interactions
Information technologies enable citizens to access government information and services more easily improving transparency and facilitating interactions such as reporting problems or applying for permits
How has ICT impacted work structures and connectivity
ICT has increased flexibility in work structures and connectivity allowing for remote work and varied working hours supported by broadband connectivity and wireless networks
What is the concept of Smart Cities and what are some key components
Smart Cities integrate ICT and IoT technologies to achieve cost efficiencies improve infrastructure resilience and enhance urban conditions often through the use of sensors for monitoring and intervention
What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how does it relate to Smart Cities
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to devices that use the internet to support the delivery of public services and improve community livability through real-time monitoring and intervention
Provide examples of IoT applications in urban settings
Examples of IoT applications include parking spaces that communicate with users phones street lights that adjust based on sunset and weather conditions and sensors for monitoring water mains and air quality
What are some concerns regarding the equity of IoT sensors
Concerns about the equity of IoT sensors include issues of unequal distribution as some neighborhoods may not want sensors potentially exacerbating disparities
How might ICT and IoT technologies influence transportation in the future
In the future ICT and IoT technologies may enable advancements such as driverless cars communicating with traffic signals potentially improving traffic flow but raising concerns about pedestrian safety and prioritization
