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AICP Exam Prep > Fundamental Planning Knowledge > Flashcards

Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What organization emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials on October 1 1978

A

The American Planning Association (APA)

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the American Planning Association (APA)

A

APA is organized exclusively for charitable educational literary and scientific purposes to advance the art and science of planning and the activity of planning — physical economic and social — at various levels

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3
Q

What is the role of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) within APA

A

AICP is responsible for the national certification of professional planners

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4
Q

When was the American City Planning Institute incorporated and what was it later renamed

A

The American City Planning Institute was incorporated in 1917 and later renamed the American Institute of Planners in 1939

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5
Q

When and where was the first national planning conference held and where was the first city planning course taught

A

In 1909 the first national planning conference was held at the National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington DC In the same year the first city planning course was taught in Harvards Landscape Architecture Department

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6
Q

What significant event occurred in 1912 regarding city planning education

A

In 1912 Walter Moody published Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education marking the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level

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7
Q

Who wrote the first major textbook on city planning in 1914

A

Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan the first major textbook on city planning

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8
Q

When was the American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACPI) founded and who was its first president

A

The ACPI was founded in 1917 with Frederick Law Olmsted Jr serving as its first president

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9
Q

What significant event occurred in 1925 regarding publications in city planning

A

In 1925 the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association

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10
Q

When was the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded

A

ASPO was founded in 1934

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11
Q

In what year did the American Institute of Planners (AIP) adopt a Code of Ethics for professional planners

A

In 1971 AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners

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12
Q

When was the first exam for AIP membership administered

A

In 1977 the first exam for AIP membership was administered

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13
Q

In what year was the American Planning Association created and through what merger

A

In 1978 the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO

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14
Q

When was the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research published

A

In 1981 the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research

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15
Q

In what year did San Francisco pass the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses

A

In 1867

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16
Q

Who were responsible for developing Clevelands first local civic center plan in 1903

A

Daniel Burnham John Carrere and Arnold Brunner

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17
Q

What major American city was the first to apply City Beautiful principles in 1906 using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham

A

San Francisco

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18
Q

In what year was the first town planning board created in Hartford Connecticut

A

In 1907

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19
Q

Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago in 1909 and what significant event happened regarding land use zoning the same year

A

Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago Wisconsin passed enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development

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20
Q

In what year did Newark New Jersey hire its first full-time employee for a city planning commission and who was he

A

In 1914 Harland Bartholomew

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21
Q

When did New York City adopt the first comprehensive zoning code and who wrote it

A

In 1916 Edward Bassett

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22
Q

In what year did Los Angeles County form the first regional planning commission

A

In 1922

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23
Q

When did Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce issue the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

A

In 1924

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24
Q

What major US city was the first to adopt a comprehensive plan in 1925 and who were the planners

A

The City of Cincinnati planned by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

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25
Q

When was the Standard City Planning Enabling Act released by the US Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover

A

In 1928

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26
Q

In what year was the first US National Planning Board created and what was its subsequent name

A

In 1933 later renamed the National Resources Planning Board

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27
Q

Where was the first federally supported public housing constructed in 1934

A

Cleveland

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28
Q

Which state was the first to introduce statewide zoning in 1961

A

Hawaii

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29
Q

How the Other Half Lives

A

Jacob Riis Exposé on living conditions in New York Citys tenements Resulted in housing reform in New York City

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30
Q

To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform

A

Ebenezer Howard. 19. Initiated the Garden City movement (Garden Cities of To-morrow)

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31
Q

Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago

A

Walter Moody Details the Plan of Chicago Adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago

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32
Q

Carrying Out the City Plan

A

Flavel Shurtleff. 1914. The first textbook on the legal framework for city planning.

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33
Q

Cities in Evolution

A

Patrick Geddes.1915. Focuses on regional planning. Known as the “father of regional planning”

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34
Q

Planning of the Modern City

A

Nelson Lewis

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35
Q

Local Planning Administration

A

Ladislas Segoe First book in the Green Book Series by ICMA Established standards for local planning administration

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36
Q

Urban Land Use Planning

A

F Stuart Chapin Land use planning Became a common textbook on land use planning

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37
Q

Image of the City

A

Kevin Lynch. 1960. People form mental maps of their surroundings consisting of five basic elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.

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38
Q

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

A

Jane Jacobs Critical look at urban planning focusing on urban renewal Offered a critical perspective on urban planning practices

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39
Q

Silent Spring

A

Rachel Carson Negative effects of pesticides on the environment Sparked environmental movements and legislation

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40
Q

The Urban General Plan

A

TJ Kent. 1964. Kent provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.

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41
Q

With Heritage So Rich

A

Alfred Reins Historic preservation Seminal book on historic preservation

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42
Q

Design with Nature

A

Ian McHarg Conservation design Introduced overlay techniques later used in GIS

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43
Q

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces

A

William Whyte. 1980. Environmental psychology and sociology in urban design. Investigates and analyses human behaviour in public space.

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44
Q

Who created the New York Housing Authority and published “The City is the Frontier” in 1965 critical of federal policies on slum clearance and public housing

A

Charles Abrams

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45
Q

Which planner was involved in the Garden City movement managed Letchworth and later taught at MIT and Harvard

A

Thomas Adams

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46
Q

Who advocated for community organizing organized Chicagos poor and authored “Reveille for Radicals” and “Rules for Radicals”

A

Saul Alinsky

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47
Q

Who authored “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” in 1969 describing levels of citizen involvement

A

Sherry Arnstein

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48
Q

Who was a prominent figure in the City Beautiful movement known for his work on the 1893 Columbian Exposition and the 1909 Plan of Chicago

A

Daniel Burnham

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49
Q

Who authored “Silent Spring” an influential book in environmental planning

A

Rachel Carson

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50
Q

Who transformed New York Citys public works in the mid-20th century expanding the states park system and building various infrastructure

A

Robert Moses

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51
Q

Who designed Mariemont Ohio and contributed to planning in Florida and Wisconsin as well as designing Venice Florida

A

John Nolen

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52
Q

Who is considered the father of landscape architecture responsible for Central and Prospect Parks in New York City among other notable projects

A

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr

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53
Q

Who developed the neighborhood unit concept and contributed to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs

A

Clarence Perry

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54
Q

Who designed Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on environmental sustainability

A

Paolo Soleri

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55
Q

Who designed Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn and wrote “New Town for America” in 1951

A

Clarence Stein

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56
Q

Who served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal and was involved in the development of Arthurdale West Virginia

A

Rexford Tugwell

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57
Q

Who was an English town planner designer of Letchworth and author of “Town Planning in Practice”

A

Sir Raymond Unwin

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58
Q

Who was a founder of American housing policy served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America and wrote “Modern Housing”

A

Catherine Bauer Wurster

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59
Q

What was the goal of the City Beautiful Movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s

A

To address issues of severe poverty crime and blight through the creation of beautiful cities

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60
Q

Who was a prominent leader in promoting the City Beautiful Movement

A

Daniel Burnham

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61
Q

What architectural style characterized the civic centers created as a result of the City Beautiful Movement

A

Beaux-Arts style

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62
Q

What was the first model civic center created by Daniel Burnham for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893

A

The White City

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63
Q

Which plan sought to resurrect LEnfants 1791 Plan for Washington DC and restore the city to civic greatness

A

The McMillan Plan of 1901

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64
Q

What were the principles behind the Garden City Movement as outlined by Ebenezer Howard

A

Self-containment economic and social reform land ownership held by a corporation

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65
Q

How many people were intended to live in a Garden City according to Howards plan

A

30000 people on 1000 acres

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66
Q

What was the first English city constructed according to the Garden City principles

A

Letchworth

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67
Q

Who were some of the leaders of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) promoting the Garden City concept in the United States

A

Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye

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68
Q

In what year did the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn New Jersey begin

A

In 1928

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69
Q

What was the City Efficient movement a reaction against and what was its focus

A

It was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement focusing on function and efficiency

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70
Q

What was the primary concern of the City Humane movement that arose in the 1930s

A

Jobs and housing

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71
Q

What was the purpose of the Resettlement Administration established by President Roosevelt in 1935

A

To develop Greenbelt towns based on Howards ideas

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72
Q

What were some examples of new communities developed in Great Britain following the New Towns Act of 1946

A

Examples include Harlow Stevenage and Crawley

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73
Q

What characterized the City Functional Movement developed during the 1940s

A

Administrative efficiency

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74
Q

Who was the creator of the City Beautiful Movement

A

Daniel Burnham

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75
Q

In what time period did the City Beautiful Movement emerge

A

Late 1800s and early 1900s

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76
Q

Who were the leaders of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) promoting the Garden City concept in the United States

A

Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye

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77
Q

What was the date when the first Garden City Letchworth was constructed

A

Established 1903

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78
Q

Who authored “To-morrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” which later became known as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”

A

Ebenezer Howard

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79
Q

Who denounced the City Beautiful movement at the first planning conference in 1909

A

City Efficient leaders

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80
Q

Who established the Resettlement Administration during the Great Depression in 1935

A

President Roosevelt

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81
Q

What was the purpose of the Green Towns Program initiated by the Resettlement Administration

A

To develop Greenbelt towns based on Howards ideas

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82
Q

Who passed the New Towns Act in 1946 leading to the development of new communities based on Garden City principles in Great Britain

A

Great Britain

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83
Q

What characterized the City Functional Movement developed during the 1940s

A

Administrative efficiency

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84
Q

What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 provide for

A

Rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest

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85
Q

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 offer settlers

A

160 acres of land for a fee of 18 and a guarantee of five years of residence

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86
Q

What did the Morrill Act of 1862 allow new western states to establish

A

Colleges

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87
Q

What was the purpose of the General Land Law Revision Act of 1891

A

Provided the President with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation

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88
Q

What did the Forest Management Act of 1897 allow the Secretary of the Interior to do

A

Manage forest preserves

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89
Q

What did the US Reclamation Act of 1902 allow for

A

Use funds from the sale of public land in arid states to construct water storage and irrigation systems

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90
Q

What was the aim of President Theodore Roosevelts appointment of the Public Lands Commission in 1903

A

To propose rules for land development and management

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91
Q

What was the significance of the Antiquities Act of 1906

A

Federal protection for archaeological sites allowing for the designation of National Monuments

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92
Q

What was the purpose of the Resettlement Administration formed in 1935

A

To carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform resulting in the development of Greenbelt towns

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93
Q

What did the Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 or GI Bill guarantee to veterans

A

Home loans

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94
Q

Who developed the Chicago Plan of 1909 considered the first regional plan in the US

A

Daniel Burnham

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95
Q

What were the main focuses of the Chicago Plan of 1909

A

Waterfront development parks and civic center spaces

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96
Q

What criticism was directed towards the Chicago Plan of 1909

A

Failure to address issues like housing poverty and transportation efficiency

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97
Q

Which city saw the development of the first comprehensive plan in 1925

A

Cincinnati

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98
Q

Who were the individuals responsible for directing the development of the Cincinnati Plan

A

Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

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99
Q

What was the focus of the Regional Plan for New York and Environs created between 1922 and 1929

A

Suburban development highway construction and suburban recreational facilities

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100
Q

Who were some of the notable figures involved in the creation of the Regional Plan for New York and Environs

A

Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford

101
Q

What event led to an increase in comprehensive planning following World War II

A

The rapid development of suburban areas

102
Q

What was the impetus for comprehensive planning provided by the US Housing Act of 1954

A

It required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701

103
Q

What problem was associated with the planning conducted under Section 701 of the US Housing Act of 1954

A

It led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than truly planning for communities

104
Q

How did the focus of comprehensive plans shift during the 1970s and 1980s

A

Comprehensive plans shifted to focus on concerns of equity neighborhood preservation affordable housing environmental protection and historic preservation

105
Q

What example of a comprehensive plan from the 1970s addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation

A

The Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs

106
Q

Which states introduced laws requiring comprehensive planning during the 1970s and 1980s

A

Oregon and Minnesota

107
Q

In what year did Florida pass a law requiring communities to develop comprehensive plans

A

In 1985 Florida passed a law that required communities to develop comprehensive plans

108
Q

Who developed the Concentric Circle Theory in 1925

A

Ernest Burgess

109
Q

What was Ernest Burgesss academic background

A

He was a sociologist

110
Q

What aspect of urban growth did Burgess study

A

The growth of Chicago

111
Q

How did Burgess believe cities grow according to the Concentric Circle Theory

A

In a series of outward rings with land use based on distance from downtown

112
Q

How many rings are there in Burgesss theory of urban development

A

Five rings

113
Q

What does the central business district (CBD) house in Burgesss theory

A

A concentration of governmental office and commercial uses

114
Q

Which ring in the Concentric Circle Theory has a mix of industrial and low-income housing

A

The zone of transition

115
Q

What does the commuter zone in Burgesss theory comprise

A

Higher-income housing

116
Q

What is the bid rent curve based on according to Burgesss work

A

How much people are willing to pay for land based on the profits likely to be received from maintaining a business on that land

117
Q

Why is the central business district (CBD) considered to be at the steep end of the bid rent curve

A

It has the highest number of customers and therefore the most profit

118
Q

Who developed the Sector Theory in 1939

A

Homer Hoyt

119
Q

What did Hoyt (Sector Theory) disagree with regarding city growth theories

A

He disagreed with Burgess (Concentric Circle Growth) conception of city growth

120
Q

According to Sector Theory how is the city organized

A

The city is a series of sectors radiating out from the center based on transportation routes

121
Q

Who developed the Multiple Nuclei Theory in 1945

A

Harris and Ullman

122
Q

What is the basis for the formation of land use nuclei in the Multiple Nuclei Theory

A

Accessibility to natural resources clustering of similar uses land prices and the repelling power of land uses

123
Q

Who developed Central Place Theory in 1933

A

Walter Christaller

124
Q

What was the purpose of Central Place Theory

A

To explain the size and spacing of cities

125
Q

How does Central Place Theory explain the size and spacing of cities

A

It states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and a maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services

126
Q

What does Central Place Theory state about the minimum market threshold for bringing a firm to a city

A

There is a minimum market threshold

127
Q

According to Central Place Theory what is the maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services

A

There is a maximum range of people willing to travel

128
Q

Besides explaining city size and spacing how else can Central Place Theory be useful

A

It can be useful as a way of understanding the hierarchy of retail establishments in cities

129
Q

Guarantees freedoms concerning religion expression assembly and the right to petition

A

The First Amendment

130
Q

Protects against abuse of government authority in legal procedures ensuring due process and prohibiting self-incrimination and double jeopardy

A

The Fifth Amendment

131
Q

Addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law prohibiting states from denying any person “life liberty or property without due process of law”

A

The Fourteenth Amendment

132
Q

What are the three major constitutional principles associated with planning

A

rst Amendment Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment

133
Q

How is freedom of speech applied within the framework of the First Amendment in planning

A

Freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs

134
Q

Which constitutional principle applies in cases of takings and eminent domain requiring just compensation

A

The Fifth Amendment

135
Q

What types of due process are defined by the Fourteenth Amendment

A

Due process substantive due process procedural due process and equal protection

136
Q

How is substantive due process applied in planning

A

Substantive due process is about the validity of the rule itself which might include issues of aesthetics

137
Q

What does procedural due process entail in planning

A

Procedural due process is about whether the rules were applied fairly which might include how an ordinance was applied

138
Q

What aspect of planning might equal protection be applied to

A

Equal protection is often applied to exclusionary zoning

139
Q

What happens if property is taken without just compensation according to the Constitution

A

Its considered a violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

140
Q

Welch v Swasey

A

The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height upholding a Massachusetts act limiting building heights as a proper exercise of police power

141
Q

Eubank v City of Richmond

A

The Court struck down an ordinance allowing private citizens to establish building lines but acknowledged the validity of building line establishment as a police power

142
Q

Hadacheck v Sebastian

A

The Court approved the regulation of land use location upholding a Los Angeles zoning ordinance prohibiting brick production in a specific area

143
Q

Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co

A

The Court upheld modern zoning as a proper use of police power stating that zoning ordinances should be upheld as long as a community perceives a threat of nuisance

144
Q

Nectow v City of Cambridge

A

The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance for lacking a valid public purpose violating the due process clause of the 14th Amendment

145
Q

Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo

A

The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on various factors allowing approval upon reaching a certain point level

146
Q

Construction Industry of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma

A

The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued by a city

147
Q

Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v City of Livermore

A

The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits imposed by a city

148
Q

Brandt Revocable Trust v United States (2013)

A

The Court determined that the 1875 General Railroad Right-of-Way Act grants an easement for the railroad’s land and upon abandonment the land reverts to the previous owner

149
Q

Massachusetts v EPA Inc

A

The Court ruled that the EPA must provide a reasonable justification for its decision not to regulate greenhouse gases

150
Q

Rapanos v United States

A

The Court held that the Army Corp of Engineers must establish a significant connection between a wetland and a navigable waterway

151
Q

SD Warren v Maine Board of Environmental Protection

A

The Court decided that hydroelectric dams are subject to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act

152
Q

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v Inclusive Communities Project Inc

A

The Supreme Court affirmed that disparate impact is the appropriate standard for evaluating the Fair Housing Act ruling that policies inadvertently relegating minorities to poor areas violate the Act

153
Q

Young v American Mini Theaters Inc (1976)

A

The Court upheld a zoning scheme decentralizing sexually oriented businesses in Detroit

154
Q

Metromedia Inc v City of San Diego (1981)

A

The Court ruled that commercial and noncommercial speech cannot be treated differently overturning an ordinance banning all off-premises signs

155
Q

Members of City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984)

A

The Court upheld a Los Angeles ordinance banning attaching signs to utility poles citing aesthetic regulation as valid as long as it doesnt target sign content

156
Q

City of Renton v Playtime Theatres Inc (1986)

A

The Court upheld a zoning ordinance limiting sexually oriented businesses to a single district determining it regulated secondary effects not content

157
Q

Reed et al v Town of Gilbert Arizona (2014)

A

The Court ruled that Gilberts sign ordinance which imposed stricter restrictions on signs directing to meetings violated the First Amendments free speech clause and the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause

158
Q

United States v Gettysburg Electric Railway Company (1896)

A

Upheld the acquisition of Gettysburg National Battlefield as serving a valid public purpose marking a significant case in historic preservation

159
Q

Pennsylvania Coal Co v Mahon (1922)

A

Defined a taking under the Fifth Amendment stating that if a regulation goes too far it may be recognized as a taking

160
Q

Berman v Parker (1954)

A

Held that aesthetics and urban renewal constitute valid public purposes

161
Q

Fred French Investing Co v City of New York (1976)

A

Invalidated a regulation requiring a public park on private property though not ruled as a compensable taking

162
Q

Penn Central Transportation Co v The City of New York (1978)

A

Found that New York Citys landmark preservation law did not constitute a compensable taking

163
Q

Agins v City of Tiburon (1980)

A

Upheld a citys right to low-density zoning determining it was not a taking

164
Q

Loretto v Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation (1982)

A

Found that a permanent physical occupation of private property constitutes a taking

165
Q

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v County of Los Angeles (1987)

A

Established that if property is rendered unusable the government may be liable for damages

166
Q

Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v DeBenedictis (1987)

A

Upheld regulations under the Bituminous Mine Subsidence Act determining they did not constitute a taking

167
Q

FCC v Florida Power Corporation (1987)

A

Found that a federal statute regulating utility rents did not result in a taking

168
Q

Nollan v California Coastal Commission (1987)

A

Found that requiring beachfront access did not constitute a taking but required compensation

169
Q

Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)

A

Established that a total reduction in property value can constitute a taking

170
Q

Dolan v Tigard (1994)

A

Overturned an exaction requiring dedication of property establishing the “rough proportionality” test

171
Q

Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1997)

A

Ruled that a property owner need not attempt to sell development rights before claiming a taking

172
Q

City of Monterey v Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd (1999)

A

Upheld a jury award for repeated denials of a development permit

173
Q

Palazzolo v Rhode Island (2001)

A

Affirmed that acquisition of title after regulations does not bar a takings claim

174
Q

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council Inc et al v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al (2002)

A

Found that temporary moratoria on development did not constitute a taking

175
Q

Lingle v Chevron USA Inc (2005)

A

Reversed a portion of Agins v City of Tiburon requiring that regulations substantially advance legitimate state interests

176
Q

City of Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams (2005)

A

Ruled that a radio operator denied a conditional use permit could not seek damages

177
Q

Kelo v City of New London (2005)

A

Held that economic development through eminent domain is a public use (not a taking)

178
Q

Stop the Beach Renourishment Inc v Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2009)

A

Determined that beach reclamation did not constitute a taking

179
Q

Koontz v St Johns River Water Management (2012)

A

Found that a taking occurred when a permit was denied unless the landowner agreed to dedicate land for public use

180
Q

Munn v Illinois (1876)

A

Established the principle of public regulation of private businesses in the public interest ruling that a state law regulating pricing did not violate due process

181
Q

Mugler v Kansas (1887)

A

Affirmed the states authority to prohibit the use of property for purposes declared injurious to the health morals or safety of the community upholding a law prohibiting liquor sales

182
Q

Village of Belle Terre v Boaraas (1974)

A

Upheld a regulation prohibiting more than two unrelated individuals from living together as a single-family extending the concept of zoning to include a communitys desire for certain types of lifestyles

183
Q

Village of Arlington Heights v Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation (1977)

A

Overturned previous findings to determine insufficient evidence of racial discrimination in a zoning case reprimanding lower courts for further consideration

184
Q

Southern Burlington County NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel (1975)

A

Found that a town had exclusionary zoning prohibiting certain housing types requiring the town to open its doors to residents of all income levels

185
Q

City of Boerne v Flores (1997)

A

Ruled the Religious Freedom Restoration Act unconstitutional as it exceeded the enforcement powers of the Fourteenth Amendment in a case involving a churchs enlargement prohibition in a historic district

186
Q

What is the source of state police power in the United States

A

The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution grants states the right to regulate behavior and enforce laws for the health safety morals and general welfare of the people

187
Q

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Mugler v Kansas (1887)

A

In Mugler v Kansas (1887) the Supreme Court upheld a states right to regulate a brewery affirming the states exercise of police power

188
Q

How do state governments grant police power to local governments

A

State governments grant police power to local governments by delegating varying levels of authority depending on the state

189
Q

What is Dillons Rule and in how many states is it applied to municipalities

A

Dillons Rule is a legal principle applied in 39 states where municipalities only possess powers explicitly granted by the state

190
Q

What distinguishes Home Rule states in terms of municipal regulations

A

Home Rule states allow cities to develop their own regulations unless expressly prohibited by the state

191
Q

What is Rational Planning

A

Involves a systematic approach to decision-making where goals are set alternatives are determined evaluated and a choice is made based on the best solution However it assumes perfect knowledge which is unrealistic and cannot effectively address “wicked” problems that are complex and multifaceted

192
Q

What is Incemental Planning

A

Proposed by Charles Lindblom suggests that planning occurs gradually through small successive steps rather than comprehensive overhauls Decision-makers compare and evaluate incremental changes rather than analyzing all alternatives at once focusing on solving existing problems rather than achieving a future desired state

193
Q

What is Mixed Scanning Planning

A

Combines elements of rational and incremental planning It involves making fundamental policy-shaping decisions based on rational analysis while using an incremental approach for implementation decisions

194
Q

What is Advocacy Planning

A

Developed by Paul Davidoff emphasizes representing the interests of specific groups within a community rather than the broader public interest Planners work to create plans that reflect the values and objectives of these interest groups leading to plural plans for public consideration

195
Q

What is Transactive Planning

A

Involves getting the public more involved in the planning process Planners engage with individuals in the community to discuss issues and develop plans through mutual learning where technical knowledge is shared and community knowledge is considered

196
Q

What is Radical Planning

A

Seeks to decentralize power from the government to the people allowing citizens to develop and implement their own plans It aims to empower communities and promote grassroots decision-making

197
Q

What is Communicative Planning

A

Emphasizes open planning processes with extensive citizen participation Planners act as facilitators to bring together stakeholders mediate discussions and foster consensus among different viewpoints aiming to achieve mutual understanding and agreement

198
Q

What role should visioning and goal setting play in integrating public health into planning efforts

A

Public health practitioners should have a seat at the table during visioning sessions to educate the public about the intersection of development and public health

199
Q

How can planners incorporate public health considerations into plans and planning

A

Planners should provide a narrative description in comprehensive plans outlining the rationale for addressing health physical activity and accessibility for all individuals

200
Q

What are some examples of implementation tools that can promote public health through planning efforts

A

Reform of zoning and subdivision regulations is an example of implementation tools that can enhance public health by promoting walkability and transit use

201
Q

How does site design and development contribute to public health goals

A

Site design and development efforts can promote public health by creating pedestrian-friendly environments that encourage physical activity

202
Q

In what way can public facility siting and capital spending support public health initiatives

A

Public facility siting and capital spending initiatives can enhance walkability around public facilities such as schools further promoting physical activity and accessibility

203
Q

What demographic trends are projected for the United States by 2050

A

The non-Hispanic white population is projected to become a minority (47) by 2050 and the nation’s older population will more than double in size

204
Q

How did the 2020 Decennial Census of Population differ from previous censuses in terms of response methods

A

The 2020 Census was the first time all households were invited to respond online

205
Q

What were some changes introduced in the 2010 Decennial Census of Population and Housing

A

The 2010 Census saw the discontinuation of the long form with households receiving only a short form with 10 questions

206
Q

How did the rate of response to the Census change between 1990 2000 and 2010

A

Census response rates increased from 65 in 1990 to 74 in 2010 with 80 of self-responses in 2020 being online

207
Q

What definitions distinguish urban and rural areas in the Census

A

Urban areas are defined based on housing unit and population density criteria

208
Q

What is the definition of an urban area according to the 2020 Census

A

An urban area comprises densely settled census blocks meeting minimum density requirements and containing non-residential urban land uses

209
Q

How is a Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) defined

A

A Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a population of more than 10000 but less than 50000 people

210
Q

What is the significance of Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs)

A

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs) are made up of several Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs)

211
Q

What is the definition of a Megalopolis

A

A Megalopolis is a multi-city urban area with more than 10 million inhabitants

212
Q

What are the components of the hierarchy of Census geographic entities

A

The hierarchy includes Census tracts blocks block groups Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs) and Tribal Designated Statistical Areas

213
Q

How is threshold population used in government programs

A

Threshold population determines program eligibility such as for Phase II Stormwater requirements or Community Development Block Grant Funds

214
Q

What are Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) used for

A

Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) provide data available through the American Community Survey

215
Q

Where can you find information about population trends in the US

A

Population trends in the US can be found in the 2020 Census Briefs and Reports Pew Research Center Census Scope and Social Explorer

216
Q

What percentage of the US population lives in urban areas

A

80 of the US population lives in urban areas

217
Q

Which states experienced the largest numeric increase in population from 2010 to 2020

A

Texas experienced the largest numeric increase in population from 2010 to 2020 followed by Florida California Georgia and Washington

218
Q

What is the American Community Survey (ACS) and how often is it conducted

A

The American Community Survey (ACS) replaced the long form in the decennial Census and surveys 25 of the population annually

219
Q

What is a significant difference between the long form and the ACS

A

The ACS asks for income received in the last 12 months on a rolling basis unlike the long form

220
Q

How is individual respondent information protected in the Census and ACS

A

Individual respondent information in the Census and ACS is protected under Title 13 of the US Code and released by the National Archives after 72 years

221
Q

Who are Baby Boomers and when were they born

A

Baby Boomers are people born in the United States between 1946 and 1964

222
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Generation X Millennials and Generation Z

A

Generation X includes those born between 1965 and 1976 Millennials between approximately 1977 and 2000 and Generation Z includes those born after 2000

223
Q

What is equity and what does it entail for planners

A

Equity in planning involves ensuring fair and impartial treatment such as distributing funding or providing equal access to public resources

224
Q

Why is it important for planners to understand historical discrimination when addressing equity

A

Planners need to understand historical discrimination to comprehend how inequities have been created over time

225
Q

What is diversity and what does it involve for planners

A

Diversity in planning means valuing and including different perspectives to reflect multiple values and preferences

226
Q

Besides race what other factors should planners consider when promoting diversity

A

Planners should consider factors like income culture and ability in addition to race when promoting diversity

227
Q

What does inclusion entail for planners

A

Inclusion for planners involves allowing people to participate in the process through robust open and diverse community engagement

228
Q

How can planners support communities of color according to “Planning for Diverse Communities”

A

Planners can support communities of color by expanding economic opportunities addressing mobility issues offering diverse housing options and enhancing placemaking

229
Q

What is cultural competency and why is it important for planners

A

Cultural competency is the ability to work effectively in cross-cultural situations integrating policies and procedures that respect and engage diverse communities

230
Q

How have racism and segregation impacted community planning according to Planning Magazine

A

Racism and segregation have impacted community planning by creating disparities in income homeownership and opportunities as highlighted in statistics and reports like those from Planning Magazine and the MPC

231
Q

What recommendations did Chicagos Metropolitan Planning Council (MPC) make for addressing segregation and racism

A

Chicagos MPC recommended establishing a graduated real estate transfer tax investing equitably across the region utilizing vacant lands improving health through development and using equity as a measure for transportation planning

232
Q

How can planners advance social justice in the area of housing

A

Planners can advance social justice in housing by providing affordable multifamily housing options in high-opportunity areas and protecting existing affordable housing

233
Q

What is a core value of planning related to sustainability and what does it entail

A

A core value of planning related to sustainability is ensuring harmony with nature resilient economies healthy communities and responsible regionalism

234
Q

What are the required principles processes and attributes outlined in APAs Comprehensive Plan Standards for Sustaining Places

A

The required principles in APAs Comprehensive Plan Standards for Sustaining Places include livable built environment harmony with nature resilient economy interwoven equity healthy community and responsible regionalism along with authentic participation and accountable implementation processes and consistent content and coordinated characteristics attributes

235
Q

What is environmental justice primarily concerned with

A

Environmental justice is primarily concerned with redressing environmental racism and addressing the inequitable distribution of environmental hazards

236
Q

What is environmental racism and how does it affect communities

A

Environmental racism refers to the influence of race on the location of hazardous waste highways and other noxious land uses often disproportionately affecting poor communities and communities of color

237
Q

How does Californias SB 1000 address environmental justice

A

Californias SB 1000 requires cities to consider environmental justice in their planning process ensuring that environmental equity is integrated into local policies and decision-making

238
Q

What are some examples of policies that might be included in an “Environmental Justice” plan

A

An “Environmental Justice” plan might include overhauling zoning to prevent mixing auto services manufacturing centers and warehouses with residential neighborhoods prioritizing compact mixed-use development for affordable housing and public transit accessibility cleaning up contaminated brownfield sites distributing parks more evenly throughout neighborhoods and avoiding siting new “sensitive land uses” near freeways unless aligned with smart growth open space or transit-oriented goals

239
Q

How have new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) impacted the transportation sector

A

ICT has led to the expansion of on-demand transportation services like Uber and Lyft the use of drones for package delivery and the development of autonomous vehicles for goods and passenger transport

240
Q

What is “big data” and how is it relevant to urban planning

A

“Big data” refers to the rapid collection of large amounts of data which can be utilized by planners to optimize transit systems monitor urban activities and inform development decisions

241
Q

How does cloud technology contribute to urban planning analysis

A

Cloud technology allows for the processing and analysis of large datasets that exceed traditional computing capabilities enabling more complex planning analysis and computation

242
Q

What role do information technologies play in citizen-government interactions

A

Information technologies enable citizens to access government information and services more easily improving transparency and facilitating interactions such as reporting problems or applying for permits

243
Q

How has ICT impacted work structures and connectivity

A

ICT has increased flexibility in work structures and connectivity allowing for remote work and varied working hours supported by broadband connectivity and wireless networks

244
Q

What is the concept of Smart Cities and what are some key components

A

Smart Cities integrate ICT and IoT technologies to achieve cost efficiencies improve infrastructure resilience and enhance urban conditions often through the use of sensors for monitoring and intervention

245
Q

What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how does it relate to Smart Cities

A

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to devices that use the internet to support the delivery of public services and improve community livability through real-time monitoring and intervention

246
Q

Provide examples of IoT applications in urban settings

A

Examples of IoT applications include parking spaces that communicate with users phones street lights that adjust based on sunset and weather conditions and sensors for monitoring water mains and air quality

247
Q

What are some concerns regarding the equity of IoT sensors

A

Concerns about the equity of IoT sensors include issues of unequal distribution as some neighborhoods may not want sensors potentially exacerbating disparities

248
Q

How might ICT and IoT technologies influence transportation in the future

A

In the future ICT and IoT technologies may enable advancements such as driverless cars communicating with traffic signals potentially improving traffic flow but raising concerns about pedestrian safety and prioritization

AICP Exam Prep (2 decks)

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