Fundamentals of Nutrition Part II

Question 1

what are the 3 forms of vegetarianism?

Answer 1

Pesco-vegetarianism (consuming fish)
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian (consume milk and eggs)
Strict Vegans (no animal products)

Question 2

What is the Atkins diet?

Answer 2

Low carbs diet

Question 3

What is the Paleo Diet?

Answer 3

Hunter-gatherer

nothing processed

Question 4

What are the 4 characteristics of the Western Dietary Plan?

Answer 4

High Glycemic Load
High Na/K ratio
Low Fiber

Bad fatty acid composition (saturated, low omega-3/omega6 ratio)

Question 5

How does the Mediterranean diet compare to the western diet?

Answer 5

Mediterranean diet is the exact opposite of the Western diet

Low Glycemic load
Low Na/K ratio
High fiber

Good fatty acid composition (unsaturated, high omega-3/omega6)

Question 6

What are the water soluble vitamins? What are the names of each vitamin?

Answer 6

B1- Thiamine
B2- Riboflavin
B3- Niacin

B5- Pantothenic acid
B6- Pyridoxine
B7- Biotin

B9- Folic acid

B12- Cobalamine

C- Ascorbate

Question 7

What are the fat soluble vitamins? What are the name of each vitamin.

Answer 7

ADEK

A- Retinol/Retinoic Acid
D- Calcitriol
E
K

Question 8

What are the sources for the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 8

B1- Thiamine (grain, yeast, pork)
B2- Riboflavin (milk, eggs)
B3- Niacin (meat, yeast, fruits, vegetables)

B5- Pantothenic acid (many things)
B6- Pyridoxine (meat, vegetables, grains)
B7- Biotin (yeast, nuts)

B9- Folic acid (vegetables, liver)

B12- Cobalamine (meat, liver, milk, eggs)

C- Ascorbate (fruits, vegetables)

Question 9

What 3 tissues does vitamin D work? What is the function of vitamin D in each tissue location?

Answer 9

GI tract- promotes calcium absorption
Kidneys- stimulates reabsorption of calcium and phosphate
Bone- osteoclast activation -> Bone resorption

Question 10

What disease occurs when Vitamin D is deficient?

Answer 10

Childhood Rickets

Adults Osteomalacia

Question 11

What causes a deficiency in Thiamine (B1)? What 3 clinical manifestations does this cause?

Answer 11

Alcoholism

Clinical Manifestations:
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Dry Beriberi- muscle wasting, partial paralysis
Wet Beriberi- peripheral edema, cardiac failure

Question 12

What causes a deficiency in Riboflavin (B2)?

What does this clinically result in?

Answer 12

Deficiency in ariboflavinosis

Causes sore throat, hyperemia of pharyngeal mucous

Question 13

What are 2 diseases that cause a deficiency in Niacin (B3)?

Answer 13

Pellagra- Dermatitis, dementia

Hartnup disease- impaired amino acid absorption from intestines and reabsorption of kidneys -,. tryptophan deficiency -> niacin deficiency

Question 14

What causes a deficiency in Pantothenic Acid (B5)?

What does this cause?

Answer 14

Deficiency from extreme starvation

Dermatitis, numbness, parenthesis and dysesthesias (burning feet syndrome)

Question 15

What causes a deficiency in Pyridoxine (B6)?

What does this cause?

Answer 15

Conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Causes photosensitivity dizziness and nausea

Question 16

What causes a deficiency in Biotin (B7)?

What does this cause?

Answer 16

Deficiency from excessive consumption of raw egg whites

Causes conjunctivitis, dermatitis around eyes, nose and mouth

Question 17

What causes a deficiency in Folic Acid (B9)? What does this cause?

Answer 17

Deficiency during pregnancy which can cause neural tube defects (ex. spina bifida)

Can also cause homocysteinemia

Due to folate pool quickly being depleted in alcoholics and pregnancy

Question 18

What causes a deficiency in Cobalamin (B12)?

What 3 symptoms will patients with this deficiency have?

Answer 18

Deficiency from pernicious anemia, pancreatitis, long term vegetarian diet, resection of the terminal ileum

Sx’s
Inflammation of the tongue
Numbness and tingling
Megaloblastic anemia

Question 19

What causes a deficiency in Ascorbic Acid (C)?

What does this cause?

Answer 19

Deficiency from the lack of fruit and green vegetables

Causes gingivitis, and impaired wound healing

Question 20

If a patient is suffering from Vitamin E deficiency, what 4 symptoms will this cause

Answer 20

Causes Crohn’s disease and cystic fibrosis

Sxs are peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy

Question 21

What is Vitamin K used for?

Answer 21

Proper blood clotting

Deficiency leads to bleeding issues

Question 22

What is Vitamin A used for?

Answer 22

Vision and maintenance of epithelium