Fundamentals of Nutrition

Question 1

B1 vitamin and disorders

Answer 1

• thiamine
• important precursor in glycolysis and TCA cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
• deficiency from EtOHism
• Clinically: dry beriberi (muscle wasting, partial paralysis), wet beriberi (cardiac failure, peripheral edema)

Question 2

B2 vitamin and disorders

Answer 2

• riboflavin (MILK)
• FAD coenzyme
• deficiency from poor dietary intake (usually accompanied by deficiency of other vitamins) or malabsorption syndromes
• red vessel in iris, magenta tongue, stomatitis

Question 3

B3 vitamin and disorders

Answer 3

• Niacin
• coenzyme form NAD and NADPH
• deficiency from Hartnup disease (impaired AA absorption, tryptophan deficiency, niacin deficiency)
• malnutrition–> Pellagra

Question 4

Pellagra

Answer 4

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death (4s)

Question 5

B5 vitamin and disorders

Answer 5

• panthothenic acid
• synthesis of coenzyme A
• deficiency from expreme starvation
• paresthesia, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, hypoglycemia

Question 6

B6 vitamin and disorders

Answer 6

• pyridoxine

- Clinically: sideroblastic anemia, stomatitis, convulsions, intertrigo

Question 7

sideroblastic anemia

Answer 7

cannot incorportate iron into heme: lead poisoning and B6 deficiency

Question 8

B7 vitamin and disorders

Answer 8

• biotin
• cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis)
• deficiency from consuming excessive amount of raw eggs
  Clinical manifestations:
• alopecia
• rashes, seborrheic dermatitis
• bowel inflammation, muscle pain

Question 9

B9 vitamin and disorders

Answer 9

• folic acid
• deficiency from pregnancy, methotrexate use, and EtOH ism
• in pregnancy can lead to neural tube defect, spina bifida
• clinically: macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, CAD, DVT, stroke

Question 10

B12 vitamin and disorders

Answer 10

• cobalamin
• deficiency from: pernicious anemia, chronic pancreatitis, long term, vegetarian diet, resection of terminal ileum
• clinically: CV disease, DVT, stroke, neuropathies

Question 11

C vitamin and disorders

Answer 11

• ascorbate
• cofactor for: collagen synthesis, antioxidant, enhances Fe absorbption in the GI tract
• dietary deficiency from lack of citrus fruit and green vegetables
• Clinically: scurvy (issues with tissue strength/healing)

Question 12

vitamin A

Answer 12

• retinol
• main functions are vision and maintenance of epithelium
• deficiency from extreme malnutition, fat malabsorption, and liver cirrhoisis
• Clinically: night blindness, metaplasia of corneal epithelium((( polar bear liver)))

Question 13

vitamin D

Answer 13

• forms: ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, calcitriol, calcifediol
• functions in GI tract, kidneys, and bones
• Clinically: childhood rickets (skeletal abnormalities), adult osteomalacia, muscle and bone issues