Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LSB111 > Fundamentals of Normal Physiology and Disease > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Normal Physiology and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

In which body cavity is the brain and spinal cord contained?

A

Dorsal cavity –> cranial cavity contains brain, vertebral cavity contains spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The heart and lungs are contained in which body cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity –> in which heart is in pericardial cavity and lungs in pleural cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If a body is in the prone position, how is it oriented?

A

Face down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If a body is lying face upwards, how could it be described?

A

Supine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The stomach, pancreas, and spleen are located in which abdominal quadrant?

A

Left upper quadrant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An electrolyte is an ion that has the ability to conduct electricity.
Cation = + charge
Anion = - charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main electrolytes (ions) of the body?

A

CATIONS:
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Hydrogen (H+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+).

ANIONS:
Chloride (Cl-), Hydroxide (OH-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sulfate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43-).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main nutrients that can be used by the body as sources of energy?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is occurring to water molecules in surface tension?

A

The water molecules draw together, creating tension on the water surface (think of a full cup of water).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amino acids are the “building blocks” for which macronutrient?

A

Proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why must essential amino acids be consumed?

A

Essential amino acids must be consumed in the diet because they cannot be synthesised in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the applications of protein in the body?

A

Structural: Cells and organs
Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions
Muscle: Body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three types of lipids and their functions in the body?

A

Triglycerides: Fat storage - insulation, protection, energy
Phospholipids: Cell membranes
Steroids: e.g. cholesterol - found in cell membrane, stabilises and binds, forms some hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which monosaccharide is used for the synthesis of ATP?

A

Glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glucose is stored in the body as which polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the smallest living component of the human body?

A

The cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A _______ is defined as a group of cells similar in structure and function.

A

Tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four main tissue types found in the human body?

A
  1. Nervous - Sending signals
  2. Epithelial - Barriers and linings
  3. Connective - Support and strength
  4. Muscle - Contractile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The cell membrane is a __________ bilayer.

A

Phospholipid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do cell membrane receptors facilitate?

A

Membrane receptors facilitate communication between the intra- and extracellular environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

“The cell membrane is a semi-permeable barrier.” What is meant by this?

A

The cell membrane is a semi-permeable barrier, meaning movement of substance across it is selective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Energy is required to move a substance down its concentration gradient. True or False? Why?

A

False - this movement is ‘diffusion’, which is passive. Solute particles will move from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do lipid-soluble solutes move across the membrane by simple diffusion?

A

Molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bi-layer. Must be lipid-soluble molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Protein channels are used for transporting lipid-insoluble molecules. True or False?

A

True - as they are lipid-insoluble, they are unable to pass through the cell membrane and therefore require “channel-mediated facilitated diffusion” to enter the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which form of facilitated diffusion requires the binding of a molecule to a receptor in order to occur?

A

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion. “Gated” protein channels only open to specific molecules that bind with their receptors. Gated channels require ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Osmosis is the diffusion of ______.

A

Water.

27
Q

Osmosis can occur through the cell membrane and channels called aquaporins. True or False?

A

True.

28
Q

What determines the direction of osmosis?

A

The direction of osmosis is determined by relative osmolarity –> the total number of solute particles per litre of solution.

29
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of body fluids?

A

Normal body fluid osmolarity = 300mOsm/kg (isotonic)

30
Q

Why do cells shrink in a hypertonic (>300mOsm) solution?

A

Hypertonic (too much solute outside) solution has a HIGHER concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, and therefore a LOWER concentration of water outside than inside. Therefore to equalise osmotic pressure, intracellular water diffuses outside cell, thus the cell loses volume and shrinks.

31
Q

What occurs to a cell in a hypotonic (

A

The cell will swell and/or burst (lyse). This is because there is a LOWER concentration of solute outside than inside.

32
Q

Active processes (cell membrane transport) require ATP to move a substance from an area of _____ concentration to _____ concentration.

A

Active processes require ATP to move a substance from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration.

33
Q

There is a higher proportion of potassium (K+) in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid. True or False?

A

True.

34
Q

Sodium is present in greater concentrations outside than inside the cell. True or False?

A

True.

35
Q

What does Active Transport (one type of active process) require to move substances across the cell membrane?

A

Active transport requires ATP and a pump.

36
Q

In the context of the ATP Sodium-Potassium pump, how many ions of sodium and potassium are transported and which in which directions?

A

3 Na+ ions pumped OUT

2 K+ ions pumped IN

37
Q

Define endocytosis and exocytosis, and describe the difference between them.

A 
Endocytosis = cell forms vesicle around substance to be taken IN to cell.
Exocytosis = cell forms vesicle for substance to be taken OUT of cell.
38
Q

Describe the functions of the nucleus.

A

Nucleus is the “control centre” of cell and contains DNA in the form of chromosomes.

39
Q

Describe the functions of mitochondria.

A

Mitochondria are the “powerhouse” of the cell. Site of ATP synthesis.

40
Q

When the last phosphate bond is released in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), thus releasing its energy, what does it then become?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

41
Q

What process must occur in order to synthesise ATP from glucose?

A

Cell respiration, of which there are two phases: aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

42
Q

Compare aerobic and aerobic respiration. What are the differences? i.e. location, ATP produced, by-products, etc.

A
  • Aerobic requires O2; anaerobic does not.
  • Aerobic occurs in mitochondria; aerobic in cytoplasm.
  • 1 cycle of aerobic respiration produces 30 ATP molecules, while 1 cycle of anaerobic glycolysis produces just 2.
  • Anaerobic by-product is pyruvic acid, while
43
Q

What does 1 cycle of aerobic respiration produce? Include number of ATP and by-products.

A

1 aerobic cycle produces 30 ATP.
- 2x ATP from the citric acid/Krebs cycle
- 28x ATP from electron transport chain
Also produces CO2.

44
Q

After glycolysis, what is pyruvic acid converted to in the absence of oxygen? Which enzyme catalyses this?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This does not produce further ATP.

45
Q

Why can red blood cells only use anaerobic respiration?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen to other cells and therefore cannot use the oxygen they carry. They also lack mitochondria and are therefore only able to synthesise ATP through anaerobic respiration.

46
Q

What is creatine phosphate and what is it used for in skeletal muscles?

A

Creatine phosphate is a high-energy store that instantly starts with physical activity. It is only used for ATP production temporarily until anaerobic & aerobic pathways are open.

Creatine phosphate + ADP = Creatine + ATP

47
Q

What happens to lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration?

A

It is diffused into blood & used by liver as energy source.

48
Q

Fatty acids replace glycogen stores as ATP source after ____ minutes of physical activity.

A

30 minutes.

49
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

50
Q

What are some of the consequences of an inability to maintain body fluid homeostasis?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Oedema (increase in fluid in tissues)
  • Electrolyte imbalances
51
Q

What is normal body temperature and where is it controlled?

A

Normal temperature = approx. 37 degrees Celsius.

Controlled in hypothalamus.

52
Q

Define ischaemia.

A

A condition in which insufficient blood is supplied to tissue.

53
Q

Define hypoxia.

A

A condition in which tissue is supplied with insufficient oxygen.

54
Q

How does ischaemia, as a mechanism for cell injury, cause injury - and eventually death - to the cell?

A

Reduced blood supply (ischaemia) = reduced oxygen supply to tissues (hypoxia). Lack of oxygen results in decreased ATP production, therefore cell sustains injury. If prolonged lack of ATP, cell necrosis occurs.

55
Q

Why does a lack of ATP cause cell injury?

A
  • Lack of ATP results in failure of the sodium-potassium pump.
  • Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell.
  • Water follows Na+; cell swells and loses K+.
  • Relative ion proportions become imbalanced.
56
Q

How does altered calcium homeostasis cause cell injury?

A
  • Altered calcium homeostasis caused by increase in intracellular calcium (usually 0mOsm).
  • Calcium activates enzymes; damages cell.
  • Calcium damages mitochondria; further reduces ATP production.
  • Damages DNA and the cell membrane.
  • Damage to membrane causes further ion imbalances and more cell damage, resulting in further injury and cell death.
57
Q

During which process are oxygen free-radicals formed?

A

During normal ATP production in mitochondria.

58
Q

What are oxygen free-radicals?

A

Oxygen free-radicals are highly reactive and unstable molecules.

59
Q

Cells respond to stress by adaptation. What are the ways in which a cell can adapt to stress?

A
  • Atrophy (decreasing size)
  • Hypertrophy (increasing size)
  • Hyperplasia (increasing number)
  • Metaplasia (increasing cell type)
  • Dysplasia (changing size, shape, or organisation)

If cell cannot adapt, injury occurs.

60
Q

Compare the two types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis.

A

Apoptosis:

  • Specific processes causing cell self-destruction
  • Uses ATP
  • Can occur as normal, e.g. old cell, regeneration
  • No inflammation

Necrosis:

  • Cell swelling, breakdown of membrane, contents leak out
  • Affects surrounding cells
  • Due to pathology
  • Does not need ATP
  • Acute inflammation & scarring
61
Q

Inflammation is not a protective response to cell injury, and causes further injury to cells. True or False?

A

False - Inflammation is a protective response and does not cause further injury to affected cells.

62
Q

List the five characteristics of acute inflammation.

A

1) Redness
2) Heat
3) Swelling (oedema caused by increased vascular permeability)
4) Pain
5) Loss of function (due to swelling and pain)

63
Q

What are some benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation prevents damage spread, disposes of cell debris and pathogens due to increased number of leucocytes, and prepares the injured tissue for repair.

64
Q

Compare acute and chronic inflammation.

A

Cause:

  • Acute: Infarction, bacterial infection, toxins, trauma
  • Chronic: Viral & chronic infection, persistant injury, autoimmune diseases

Onset Time:

  • Acute: immediate
  • Chronic: later (days)

Injury:

  • Acute: limits further injury to cells
  • Chronic: causes further injury

LSB111 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions