Cardiovascular System 1

Question 1

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 1

Systemic circulation transports blood to the bodily tissues and pulmonary circulation transports blood to and from the lungs

Question 2

What type of Arteries are the RCA, LM, Lcx, LAD, and where do the originate from?

Answer 2

Coronary arteries originating from the Aorta.

Question 3

What is the Sequence of excitation within the heart?

Answer 3

SA Node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and Right Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibres

Question 4

The parasympathetic and the sympathetic control heart rate how?

Answer 4

Parasympathetic decreases heart rate, sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, via the cardio-inhibitory and cardio-excitatory enters respectively..

Question 5

Cardiac function can be determined by measuring cardiac output. What is the equation for measuring Cardiac output?

Answer 5

CO= HR x SV

Question 6

What two receptors provide short term blood pressure control and how?

Answer 6

Chemoreceptor - detect low blood pH and O2, increase HR and Vasoconstriction.
Baroreceptor - detects changes in diameter (stretch) of arteries, stimulating vasoconstriction and HR increases when arteries are not stretched enough.

Question 7

Which Medications decrease BP?

Answer 7

ACE Inhibitors, Diuretics, Angeotensin 2 blockers,

Question 8

What are Anticoagulants and antiplatlet medications used for?

Answer 8

Inhibiting thrombus formation

Question 9

What effect do Bete-Blockers have on HR?

Answer 9

Decrease it

Question 10

Which drugs decrease cardiac contractility?

Answer 10

Calcium channel blockers and Beta blockers

Question 11

Vasodilators and nitrates do what?

Answer 11

Decrease preload and after load

Question 12

Digoxin does what?

Answer 12

Increases contractility via increasing intracellular calcium levels.

Question 13

Which system provides long term BP control in the body? How?

Answer 13

Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system. Decreased BP stimulates renin release by kidneys, causing the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by the angiotensin converting enzyme. angiotensin 2 stimulate aldosterone release causing reabsorption of Na+ and Water by the kidneys, increasing blood volume and BP.

Question 14

Where is cholesterol produced in the body?

Answer 14

the liver

Question 15

What does LDL stand for? Is it “good” or “bad” cholesterol?How does it affect the body?

Answer 15

Low density lipoprotein; it is “bad”. LDL deposits choleterol into endothelial cells, which cannot break down cholesterol. Excess cholesterol can build up.

Question 16

What is HDL? Is it “good” or “bad” cholesterol?How does it affect the body?

Answer 16

High Density Lipoprotein; it is “good”. HDL transports cholesterol from body tissues to the liver where it can be removed from the circulation. It maintains endothelial cells and inhibits the movement of macrophages into the artery wall. It also prevents/ removes lipids from the artery wall.

Question 17

Define Dyslipidemia.

Answer 17

Major Risk factor for CVD. defined as increased triglyceride and LDL levels with decreased HDL.

Question 18

What are modifiable risk factors of dyslipidaemia?

Answer 18

Diet, Physical inactivity, Smoking, Stress,

Question 19

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of dyslipidaemia?

Answer 19

Age, Family History,

Question 20

Define Atherosclerosis.

Answer 20

Fatty deposits and hardening of artery wall. It is a progressive accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue.

Question 21

At what point is artery occlusion considered clinically important?

Answer 21

70% occlusion.

Question 22

What are modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer 22

Diet, Physical inactivity, Smoking, Stress, Obesity, Diabetes, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation

Question 23

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer 23

Age, Family History, Male gender

Question 24

What is Stage 1 Atherosclerosis?

Answer 24

Injury to/ dysfunction of endothelial cells within arterial wall caused by risk factors including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, smoking etc

Question 25

What is Stage 2 Atherosclerosis?

Answer 25

Endothelial cell inflammation attracting macrophages and other inflammatory cells. LDL passes into the sub endothelium and free O2 radicals oxidise the LDL, triggering inflammation.

Question 26

What is Stage 3 Atherosclerosis?

Answer 26

Macrophages engulf the LDL in the sub endothelium, forming foam cells.

Question 27

What is Stage 4 Atherosclerosis?

Answer 27

Fibrous/ hard plaque is formed by the release of growth factors by macrophages, stimulating smooth muscle growth, increased collagen deposition, calcification and the loss of vasodilation.

Question 28

What is Stage 5 Atherosclerosis?

Answer 28

soft and complicated plaque