Fundamentals of Neuroscience Flashcards
Por qual método fundamental os neurônios se comunicam?
Eletricidade
O que quer dizer um neurônio “at rest”?
A neuron that is currently not involved in any active electrical signalling.
Cite uma das propriedades de um neurônio em repouso
voltage difference across their membrane that is called the ‘resting potential.’
Defina ‘resting potential’.
The voltage difference across the neuron membrane. The membrane potential of a neuron that is specifically “at rest,” meaning that it is not sending or receiving signals, generally between -60 mV and -70 mV
Quem foi Alessandro Volta?
Alessandro Volta, a physicist and contemporary of Galvani, repeated Galvani’s experiments, but doubted the existence of an electric fluid intrinsic to animals.
Qual a principal invenção de Alessandro Volta?
eventually went on to develop the first battery, proving that similar electricity could be generated outside of a living creature.
Defina voltagem.
Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points. When there exists a difference in charge between two points in space, A and B, for example where A is more positive than B, an ion will have the potential to move towards A or B depending on its charge.
Define electrostatic force.
This force describes the attraction or repulsion between charged particles (ions), which can have positive (+) or negative (–) charges. They obey simple rules: opposite charges (+ and –) attract, while like charges (+ and +, or – and –) repel.
Como é gerado o potential (or voltage) across the membrane?
Ions can move through membrane channels and form a charge difference between these two compartments, resulting in a potential (or voltage) across the membrane. The impermeability of the membrane allows this voltage to be maintained.
How neuroscientists measure the voltage across the membrane?
Voltage is a relative measurement, and neuroscientists always use the outside of the cell as the ‘ground’ or reference point to measure the voltage across the membrane. For example, if the inside of the cell is 50 mV more negative compared to the outside of the cell, we would report the voltage as –50 mV.
Defina membrane potential
this is a general term that describes the voltage across the membrane at any point in time; the membrane potential of a neuron can vary widely, for example from -90 mV to +60 mV.
Which ions are important for setting the resting potential of a neuron?
Cl- ions: cloreto
Na+ ions: Sódio
K+ ions: potássio
Ca2+ ions: cálcio
O que são Dentrites em um neurônio?
São prolongamentos do corpo celular dos neurônios, especializadas na receção, condução e transmissão do impulso nervoso, assegurando a receção de estímulos internos e externos, assim como a resposta do corpo (soma) a esses mesmos estímulos.
O que é a Soma em um neurônio?
É o corpo celular do neurônio. Contém o núcleo e o citoplasma. Neurônios precisam produzir muitas proteínas e muitas das proteínas neuronais também são sintetizadas no soma.
O que é o Axon em um neurônio?
É a parte do neurônio responsável pela condução dos impulsos elétricos que partem do corpo celular até outro local mais distante, como um músculo ou outro neurônio.
What’s the negative membrane potential of most cells at rest in the human body?
At rest, most cells in the human body actually have a negative membrane potential ranging from negative 5 to negative 100 millivolts.
What’s the negative membrane potential of most cells at rest in neurons?
In neurons, this resting potential is generally from negative 40 to negative 90 millivolts.
True or false: Each side of the membrane is basically electroneutral.
True
What electroneutral means for the membrane.
This means that on each side, there’s basically no net charge.
Why each side of the membrane is basically electroneutral?
This is because in the bulk solution for every positive charge, there’s a negative charge to balance it out.
If each side of the membrane is basically electroneutral, what generates the membrane potential?
the membrane potential comes from a tiny imbalance that accumulates very close to the membrane. This charge imbalance generates an electric field across the membrane which results in an electrical potential.
What happens if K+ ions (potassiun) move out of the cell?
This will cause a buildup of negative charge inside the cell and positive charge outside of the cell.
As we start moving more potassium down the concentration gradient from inside to outside, that additional net positive charge creates an __________ that repels additional positive charges from diffusing out.
electrostatic force.
How much is the equilibrium potential for potassium?
membrane potential of negative 80 millivolts