Fundamentals of Histopathology + Advance Pathology Flashcards
What white Blood Cells are these?
What do they show on histology?
Neutrophils
Associated with acute inflammation
Neurofils: Multilobular with granulocytes
What celll is this?
What process are they associated with?
Lymphocytes (but neutrophils are seen in the crypt)
Associated with chronic inflammation (+lymphomas)
Slide shown from pt with UC with acute on chronic inflammation
What cells is this?
What pathological processes are they associated with?
Eosinophil (binuclear + granule)
Associated with
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Tumours (e.g. Hodgkin’s disease)
What cells is this?
What pathological processes are they associated with?
Mast cell
Acute allergic reactions
What cells is this?
What pathological processes are they associated with?
Macrophage
Associated with
Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation (incl. granulomas)
What is the histoligical makeup of granulomas?
A collection of activated (secretory) macrophages
Epithelioud macrophages
What is a carcinoma?
Malignant tumour of epithelial cells
What is a sarcoma?
Malignant tumour of connective tissue
What are the histological characteristics of Squamous cell carcinomas?
Keratin producing
Intercellular bridges
Picture: Normal Squamous cell epithelium
What are the histological characteristics of Adeno carcinomas?
Mucin producing
Glands
Adenocarcinoma of the large bowel
Can also be stained blue with Mucin stain
What histochemical stain would you perform to detect Melanomas?
Fontana stain
+ve for melanin
What histochemical stain would you perform to detect Amyloidosis?
+ve for Amyloid
Congo red + apple green birefringence
What histological stain would you use to stain copper?
Rhodanine stain
Golden brown against blue counterstain +ve for copper (Wilson’s disease)
What histological stains would you use to detect Haemochromoatosis?
2 stains +ve for iron
1. Prussian Blue
2. Perl’s stain
What stain can be used to detect Carcinomas?
Cytokeratin
Positive for all epithelial cells
What immunological stain can be used to detect lymphomas?
CD45 stain (+ve for virtually all lymph cells)
What cell lineage are teratomas derived from?
Germ cell tumour
(can contain tissues from any 3 layers of embryo)
What is the usual oncological classification of Teratomas?
Mature and immature
Mature: containing mature tissues, usually better prognosis
Immature: embryological cells, usually worse prognosis
What is the usual prognosis of teratomas in the ovaries vs testis?
Ovaries: usually “benign”
Testis: usually “malignant”
What is the most common site for teratomas to occur?
Ovaries (ovaries >testis)
Other locations (e.g. germ cells left behing e.g. middle of the body: pineal, base of the skull, mediastinum, retroperitoneum and sacro-coccygeal area)
But incidence of testicular teratomas increasing
What is a dermoid cyst?
Mature cystic teratoma
What can happens, when a mature monodermal cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) undergoes malignant transformation?
Rare but
can develop any malignant tumour type
How are teratomas graded?
Usually by the amount of immature neural tissue (the more, the higher the grade)
What immunohistochemical markers can be used to identify Neuroendocrine tumours?
- Chromogranin
- Synaptophysin
- CD56 (also stains NK cells)
or presence of individual hormones (gastrin, serotonin, insulin etc.)
What sites do neuroendocrine tumours most commonly arise?
Usually from the GI tract
Foregut: Lung Bronchus (20-30%)
Pancrease, Small intestine, Colon
Others: Skin, Thymus etc.
How are neuroendocrine tumours graded?
Based in mitosis (the higher the higher grade) and
Ki-67 index marker of cell proliferation
What is Zöllinger-Ellison syndrome?
Tumours of the pancreas/ dueodemum that are gastrin secretion causing
- Gastric hypersecretion
- Peptic ulcers
