Fundamentals Of Drug Action Flashcards
Route that insulin is given
Subcutaneously (connective tissue)
What a drug does to the body / the actions drugs have on the body
Pharmacodynamics
How nitroglycerin tablets are taken
If taken orally, what happens
Sublingually
It will have a high first pass metabolism
Which route is Oraquix taken
Liquid Topically
What the body does with a drug
Pharmacokinetics
The greater the TI the greater the
Safe drug
Involves drug receptors,drug response, and dose response.
Pharmacodynamics
A protein located in cell membranes of every cell
Drug receptor
A drug that combines with a receptor to initiate a response and rapidly releases from the receptor
Agonist
Blocker drug that binds to receptor but does not release from it
Antagonist
Has a high efficacy
Agonist
Has no efficacy
Antagonist
Most drugs are agonists or antagonists
Agonists
“Blocking drug”
Antagonist
Which drug has no efficacy and which has slight efficacy?
Antagonist and partial antagonist
Name three enteral routes of drug administration
Oral. Sublingual. Rectal.
Take by mouth Latin abbreviation
PO
Which route is absorb directly they oral mucosa
Sublingual
Common route for infants children and older adults in suppository form. And why is this route administered ?
Rectal cause drug may irritate stomach or pt. may be vomiting or cain’t swallow pill
Routes of drug administration
Enteral. Parenteral. Topical.
Parental routes
Intramuscular subcutaneous intravenous intradermal intrathecal
Rectal administration Latin abb.
Par
IV injections enter what layers of skin
CSF or veins
IV route is most common for pts. Who are critically ill. Why?
It’s the fastest drug and it’s easy to control resulting in predictable blood levels.
IM example
Hep B vaccine
IM administration is injected into what part of body skeletal muscle?
Glutes and deltoids
IM injections pass through ________ walls to get I tot he blood stream.
Capillary
The dose needed to produce the desired therapeutic effect is
Potency
______ is the maximum intensity of effect or response a drug produces
Efficacy
What is the fastest and most predictable method of administering a drug
Intravenously
All of The following are parenteral routes of drug administration except
Intravenous intramuscular subcutaneous
Intravenous intramuscular sub lingual
Intradermal intrathecal intraperitineal
Intravenous intramuscular and sublingual
Chemicals that are responsible for carrying a wide variety of messages across the nerve synapsis to the receptor very quickly are termed hormones.
examples of this type of chemical messengers includes norepinephrine Acetylcholine and dopamine
True
False
A drug that has an affinity for a receptor combines with receptor and produces an effect is termed
Agonist
All of the following are components of pharmacokinetics except one
Excretion
Distribution
Absorption
Potency
Potency
The primary organ involved in metabolism or biotransformation is
Liver
Which drug has an affinity to a receptor binds to a receptor site combines with the receptor and has no effect or reduces the effect of the drug or neotransmitter
Antagonist
Which drug would have the longest half-life
Amoxicillin 500 given three times a day
Ampicillin 500 given two times a day
Penicillin 500 given four times a day
Ampicillin 500 given two times a day
The primary organ involved in excretion is
Kidney
Which of the following terms best describes the term zero order kinetics
The ratio of the median lethal dose to the medium effective dose
The time necessary for the body to illuminate one half of the drug in the drug plasma to determine dosing intervals
The saturation of liver enzymes as a result of the constant rate of drug metabolism over time regardless of dose
The saturation of liver enzymes as a result of the constant rate of drug metabolism over time regardless of the dose
Which of the following would make my medication more readily available to be absorbed and distributed
Non-ionic form
Lipid soluble
Unbound to plasma
Drugs that undergo the first pass effect are given by which route of administration
Oral
Which term can be used to measure drug response or action
Dose response curve , potency and Efficacy
Potency is the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug.
Administering more of the drug will not increase the efficacy of the drug but can often increase the probability of an adverse reaction
False
True
Local reactions are caused by chemicals that are secreted into organs or areas near the release and are not related to systemic circulation. Examples of these chemicals include
Prostaglandins and histamines
All of the following are true up hormones except one
Hormonal reactions are faster than that of Nero transmitters
Hormones are secreted to produce affects throughout the body
Examples of hormones include insulin thyroid and adrenal cortical steroids
Hormonal reactions are faster than Nero transmitters
The drug with the stronger affinity for the receptor will bind to _______ receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity
More
A noncompetitive antagonist binds to
A different receptor
Once a Neruotransmitter is released which of the following occurs
Enzymes break down the Nero transmitter
The neurotransmitter interacts with a receptor and interact to produce an effect
The Nero transmitter can be taken up by the presynaptic nerve ending
All of the above
Cell membranes are composed of lipids proteins and carbohydrates
The membrane lipids make the membrane relatively permeable to ions and polar molecules
True
False
Which properties affect a drug’s ability to pass across the biological membrane of the cell
Lipid solubility, degree of ionizing, molecular size and shape, carbohydrate solubility, all of the above
Letters A, B and C only
How do Lipid soluble substances move across the lipoprotein cell membrane
Bypass the transfer of simple diffusion
Absorption is the process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of metabolism to the circulating blood
This process requires the drug to pass through biological membranes
False the second is true
In the presence of infection the ________of the tissue increases and the pH decreases. the effect of the local anesthetics decreases.
Acidity
The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartment such as plasma interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid is called
Distribution
In the distribution of a drug the biologic activity of the drug is related to the
Concentration of free or unbound drug in the plasma
When a drug that is highly bound to the plasma is displaced by a Nother administer a drug that is also highly bound what would happen to the drug effect of the first drug administered
The drug effect is increased
How many half-lives is required for a drug to be essentially removed from systemic circulation
4-5 half-lives
True or false the placenta ask as a selective barrier against the passage of most drugs and most drugs cannot pass easily across the placental barrier
False and false
Drugs must penetrate the blood brain barrier to effective the ______nervous system and have an effect.
The more _____soluble and non-ionized the drug is the more easily it will penetrate the blood brain barrier.
Central and lipid soluble
If enterohepatic circulation is blocked what will happen to the drug circulating in the system
The drug will decrease
When an active metabolite is formed the action of the drug is______
Prolonged
Where is the primary site of metabolism by Hydrolysis
Blood plasma
Drugs that cause in zyme induction cause other drugs to be more quickly______.
The other metabolize drugs will have a reduced ________.
Metabolized
Effect
Erythromycin and cimetidine inhibit what organ’s enzymes
Does this increase plasma levels and affect actions of other drugs?
Liver
Yes and yes
Name the methods of excretion by the kidneys
Glomerular
Active
Passive
Which administration of injections in the skeletal muscle of the gluteus maximus and deltoid passes through capillary walls to enter the bloodstream.
IM parenteral admin
Latin abb. for subcutaneous
SB or SQ
Example of SQ
Insulin and dental anesthetics
Give an example of intradermal injection.
For allergic reactions or TB skin test with purified protein derivative’s (PPD)
What drug characteristic will increase the tendency of a drug to cross cell membranes
Non-ionized and low lipid solubility
Name the two drug elimination routes
Biotransformation in excretion
Tachphylaxis is A very rapid development of
Tolerance
Displacement of a drug from last night album binding sites with usually be expected to
Increase blood levels of the drug
What route a drug follow after intravenous administration
Vein general circulation liver kidney
When a drug is taken orally it has to pass to barriers name the two tissue barriers
Epithleal cells and blood vessels
Lipid soluble drugs are absorbed through what wall
Lipid soluble drugs go through what brain barrier
Lipid soluble drugs can be given by what form of administration
Absorbed through blood vessel walls
Goes through the blood brain barrier
Can be given by inhalation
