Fundamentals of Cells and Chromosomes

Question 1

Prokaryotes (bacteria and Archea)

Answer 1

1) Simple internal organization, single membrane-bound compartment.
2) Nucleoid
3) circular chromosomes

Question 2

Eukaryotes (fungi, plants and animals)

Answer 2

1) complex organization, many internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles
2) Selective permeable membrane
3) nucleus
4) cytoskeleton, provides stability and generates forces needed for movement and change

Question 3

Nucleoid

Answer 3

Circular DNA molecule bound by few proteins

Question 4

Microfilaments

Answer 4

Polymers of the protein actin, provides mechanical support to the cell can rapidly remodel

Question 5

Microtubules

Answer 5

Actin filaments constituting the centrosome and mitotic spindle, also form core of cilia and flagella

Question 6

Endoplastic reticulum

Answer 6

1) intracellular storage of Ca+
2) synthesis, folding and modification of proteins and lipids destined for cell membrane or secretion

Question 7

rough endoplastic reticulum

Answer 7

Synthesises proteins that crosses the membrane into the intracisternal space and to Golgi

Question 8

Golgi complex

Answer 8

secretes cell products, such as proteins to the exterior and helps form plasma membrane and lysosome membrane

Question 9

Peroxisomes

Answer 9

Small single membrane vesicles containing enzymes that oxidize their substrate

Question 10

Lysosomes

Answer 10

degrades material brought into the cell through phagocytoses and/or pinocytosis, also helps in degradation of cell components

Question 11

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 11

found in the mitochondria and are comparatively small, circular DNA and have less bound protein.

Question 12

Mitosis

Question 13

Meiosis

Question 14

Endosymbiosis

Answer 14

A cell engulfs another without destroying that cell, so that functions of both are retained.

Question 15

Ploidy/polyploid

Question 16

syncytial cells

Answer 16

Multinucleated cells

Question 17

Somatic cells

Question 18

Germ cells

Question 19

chiasma

Question 20

euchromatin

Question 21

Heterochromatin

Answer 21

• Facultative
• Constitutive

Question 22

Loss of function

Answer 22

a genetic lesion that reduces the activity of a gene, either by preventing its production or by decreasing the activity of the product.
- deletion or partial deletion
- ateration of promotor
- Remove enhancer
- Aberrant splicing

Question 23

nul mutations

Answer 23

A mutation (a change) in a gene that leads to its not being transcribed into RNA and/or translated into a functional protein product.
- Premature termination

Question 24

Gain of function

Answer 24

medical research that genetically alters an organism in a way that may enhance the biological functions of gene products
- copies of active gene
- influence of powerfull enhancer
- missense changes that alter properties of a protein

Question 25

Repeat-Associated non-ATG translation

Question 26

Premurations

Question 27

Anticipations

Question 28

Transfaction assay

Question 29

restriction site testing

Question 30

Allele-specific PCR amplification

Question 31

Oligonucleotide ligation assay

Question 32

Single base primer extension

Question 33

Testing with single genes, gene panels, exomes and genomes

Question 34

Array-comparative genomic hybridization

Question 35

adverse drug reaction

Question 36

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)

Question 37

recombinant

Question 38

nonrecombinant

Question 39

Recombinant fraction

Question 40

syntetic loci

Answer 40

lie on the same chromosome

Question 41

genetic distance

Answer 41

The recombination fraction between two loci is a measure of their distance apart on the chromosome

Question 42

physical distance

Answer 42

is the physical distance in kilobases og megabases

Question 43

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

Question 44

lod score

Question 45

False discovery rate

Question 46

autozygosity mapping

Question 47

exome capture