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Marine Biology > Fundamentals Of Biology > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The essential building blocks of life

A

•Organic molecules
(containing carbon) make up living organisms:
•Carbohydrates (sugars)
•Proteins
•Lipids (fats)
•Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

•Simple sugars, like glucose, can’t be broken down into smaller sugar molecules.
• Most used for energy.
•Complex carbohydrates are made of long chains of sugars.

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3
Q

Starch (carbohydrates)

A

used to store energy for later (plants and algae)

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4
Q

Cellulose (carbohydrates)

A

structural molecule main component of plant fibers

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5
Q

Chitin (carbohydrates)

A

structural molecule found in shells of animals like crabs and lobsters

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6
Q

Proteins

A

•Composed of units known as amino acids
Have a wide variety of functions:

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7
Q

Enzymes

A

are specialized proteins that catalyze, speed up, chemical reactions

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8
Q

Hormones

A

are proteins that act as chemical messengers within an organism.

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9
Q

structural

A

proteins make up muscles, skin, hair, and nails

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10
Q

Transport

A

proteins can carry oxygen through the blood

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11
Q

Lipids

A

•Fats, oils and waxes are examples of lipids
•Most lipids repel water(do not mix with water).
•Lipids provide buoyancy and insulation from cold
•Many lipids are used for energy storage within an organism.
•Most marine mammals, also have a layer of lipid (fat / blubber) underneath the skin

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12
Q

Nucleic acids

A

•Store and transmit genetic information
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
• Each contain 4 types of nucleotides.
•The sequence of nucleotides forms the genetic code

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13
Q

4 types of nucleotides

A

DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil.

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14
Q

ATP - ADP cycle (fuel of life)

A

•Adenosine
Triphosphate
•(ATP) is the energy
currency of the cell.
•Organisms rely on photosynthes is and respiration to process energy

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15
Q

Photosynthesis

A

•Many organisms use sunlight to drive the process of photosynthesis.
• In photosynthesis, plants, algae, and other autotrophs use pigments (chlorophyll) to capture the energy in sunlight.
•This energy is used to build carbohydrates.
•Carbon dioxide is source of carbon for building carbohydrates is;
oxygen is released as a by-product.

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16
Q

Heterotrophs (Respiration)

A

get carbohydrates by eating other organisms

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17
Q

cellular respiration.

A

Organisms break down carbohydrates for energy.

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18
Q

Respiration uses

A

oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

is oxygen dependent

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20
Q

anaerobic

A

Some organisms can do reparation in absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Primary production

A

•When autotrophs make more energy than they use, the excess net increase in organic matter is called primary production.
• Provides more material for growth and reproduction
• Organisms responsible for primary production are called primary producers.
• Marine organism production.

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22
Q

Autotroph

A

is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

23
Q

Nutrients

A

•Marine organisms require nutrients to convert carbohydrates into other necessary compounds.
•Nutrients include inorganic compounds (not containing Carbon) like phosphates and nitrates (fertilizers) and also elements such as iron
•Example: silica is required to make the shell of some organisms.

24
Q

Cells and organelles

A

•Cells are the basic unit of life.
•Cells are surrounded by a cell
membrane/ plasma membrane
•Interior membranes can surround organelles in the cytoplasm
•Internal framework of cells is the
cytoskeleton

25
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic organisms:
• Cells lack a nucleus.
Absence of most organelles in cells
• Cells contain a circular ring of
DNA.
• Cell wall is normally present.
•Unicellular (single-celled)
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic

26
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic organisms:
• Cells with DNA enclosed inside a nucleus
• Cells possess many specialized organelles.
•Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.

27
Q

Eukaryotic Organelles in Eukaryotic Organisms

A

• Nucleus - contains the chromosomes, which contain the DNA
Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration
• Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum-manufacture, package, and transport molecules the cell needs
• Ribosomes - make proteins
• Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis
• Vacuoles - storage of water
And nutrients

28
Q

Levels of organization in living in organisms

A

Atom - fundamental unit of all matter
Molecule - two or more atoms chemically joined together
Organelle - specialized structures within cells
Cell - basic unit of life; consists of different types of molecules
Tissue - group of cells functioning as a unit
Organ - many tissues arranged into a structure with a specific function
Organ system - group of organs working together
Complete organism (individual) -typically consisting of different organ systems
Population - group of organisms of the same species living in same habita
Community - all of the species that live in a particular habitat
Ecosystem - combination of the community and the physical environment

29
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Movement of solutes (substances dissolved in water) from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
30
Q

Osmosis

A

• Cell membranes are selectively permeable - they allow some molecules to pass and prevent others.
•Osmosis - Movement of water through a membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated

31
Q

Regulation of salt/water balance

A

marine organisms tend to gain solutes and lose water, since they live in a very solute-rich environment.

32
Q

Osmoconformers

A

• Their internal concentration varies as the salinity in the water around them changes.
• Do not attempt to control solute/water balance
• Many can only tolerate a very narrow range of salinities

33
Q

Osmoregulators

A

• Organisms that control their internal concentrations of solutes and water.
• This can be done in a variety of ways, like secreting very little urine or using specialized glands to secrete salts.
•Can generally tolerate a wider range of salinities than osmoconformers
• Fish absorbs the salt with their gills and expulse little salt by the urine

34
Q

Temperature control

A

Most marine organisms are adapted to live in particular temperature ranges

35
Q

Endotherms

A

are called “warm blooded”

Retain significant metabolic heat:
internal. temperature stays warmer than external temperature.

36
Q

ectotherms

A

are called “cold blooded”

Most metabolic heat is rapidly lost to the environment; body temperature matches external temperature.

37
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Temperature varies with external temperature

38
Q

Homeotherms

A

Regulate body temperature so it doesn’t vary as much as external temperature

39
Q

Heredity

A

•Transmit genetic information from one generation to the next
•Individual cells divide to form new daughter cells
• DNA is replicated before dividing
•Prokaryotes divide by binary fission
• Eukaryotes divide by mitosis

40
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Is done by a single parent individual without a partner

41
Q

Fission

A

the splitting of one organism into two smaller organisms of equal size

42
Q

Budding

A

the organism develops buds (small clones) that eventually break off and become another organism

43
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

a plant reproduces new individuals by sending an underground stem (rhizome) sideways from which new plants will sprout

44
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring arise from the union of two separate cells that usually come from two different individuals.
• Parents produce gametes (eggs or sperm) that unite (fertilization) to produce a new, genetically unique individual different from either parent.

45
Q

Gonads

A

are organs that produce gametes

Ovaries produce eggs, and testes produce sperm

46
Q

Gamets

A

Egg or sperms

47
Q

Broadcast spawning (Sexual reproductive strategies)

A
  • marine organisms release their eggs and sperm directly into the water
    • Millions of gametes released at roughly the same time.
48
Q

Internal fertilization

A

-a copulatory organ inserts sperm directly into the female’s reproductive tract.
•Requires contact between the parents, but fewer gametes are required.

49
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

individuals that have male and female reproductive tissues/organs either simultaneously or at different phases during their life

50
Q

Evolution

A

is a gradual change in the genetic make-up of a population over time.

51
Q

Natural selection

A

is the cause of evolution, that results when individuals that are better adapted to their environment produce more offspring.

52
Q

Species

A

•A types of organism
•Can bread with each other and produce viable fertile offspring
•two populations that cannot breath are reproductively isolated

53
Q

Phylogenetics

A

•the study of evolutionary relationships (relatedness) between organisms.
•Biologists use many characteristics to determine the relatedness of organisms such as structure, DNA, fossils, reproductive patterns, embryological and larval development, habitat, and behavior.
•Classification hypotheses change as new information is discovered.

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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