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Fundamentals 209 > Fundamentals Exam 4 > Flashcards

Fundamentals Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

condition in which the human being responds to changes in its normal balanced state

A

stress

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2
Q

any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress

A

stressor

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3
Q

adjustments made in response to the stressful event

coping response

can be positive or negative

A

adaptation

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4
Q

Dealing with problems and situations successfully

A

Coping

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5
Q

an innate or acquired way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situations

A

coping mechanism

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6
Q

Efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking some action

type of coping mechanism

A

problem-focused

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7
Q

Includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress

type of coping mechanism

A

emotion-focused

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8
Q

Smoking, Alcohol Use, Overeating, “Pill-Popping”, Excessive caffeine intake, drugs

type of coping mechanism

A

maladaptive

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9
Q

a stimulus based model involving the three stressor stages

A

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

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10
Q

cortisone and epi released. Fight or flight reaction. Short lived. Mobilizes us to react.

A

Stage 1: alarm reaction

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11
Q

body adapts. Attempts to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal.

A

Stage 2: resistance

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12
Q

If stress continues, coping exhausted, stress spreads to rest of body, body either returns to normal or death takes place.

A

Stage 3: exhaustion

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13
Q

The 4 factors that determine if a situation is stressful

A

Ability to cope with stress
Practices & norms of client’s peer group
Impact of social environment to help adaptation
Resources available

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14
Q

Decreased concentration/ attention to detail
Changes in eating, sleeping, and activity habits
Increased irritability
mistakes (poor judgment)
Lethargy/ decreased productivity

These behavioral signs of stress are…

A

Subtle

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15
Q

use of chemical substances
absenteeism/illness
Emotional outbursts/crying

These behavioral signs of stress are…

A

More overt

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16
Q

Name some interventions that can be used to decrease stress

A 
Exercise/nutrition/rest
Relaxation techniques (progressive, imagery)
Time Management
Spirituality
Build support systems
Enhance self-esteem
Supportive care
establish a therapeutic relationship
Medications
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17
Q

the knowledge that one has about oneself

A

self knowledge

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18
Q

what one expects of oneself; may be realistic or unrealistic

A

self expectation

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19
Q

how a person is perceived by others and society

A

social self

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20
Q

the appraisal of oneself in relationship to others, events or situations

A

social evaluation

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21
Q

Hospitalization threats due to stress

A

New roles, different views, threat to self concept, loss of privacy, financial worries.

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22
Q

Related to actual physical gender

Related to gestures, mannerisms, dress, and vocabulary

A

Gender label

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23
Q

A concern with or an interest in sexual activity
The condition of being characterized by sex of gender
The ways we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings
Influence by life experiences

A

Sexuality

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24
Q

The activities that involve the body in the expression of erotic or affectionate feelings
This includes but not limited to behavior involved in reproduction

A

Sexual behavior

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25
Q

Chromosomal make-up, genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and hormonal states

A

Biological sex

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26
Q

Belief or awareness or being male or female

A

Gender identity

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27
Q

Outward expression of a person’s sense of maleness or femaleness

A

Gender role

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28
Q

the directionality of one’s sexual interest.

A

Sexual orientation

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29
Q

Focus shifts from procreation to companionship,
Changing physical appearance may lead to concerns about sexual attractiveness. Need for education on normal physical changes and how to adapt. More chronic illnesses and medications. Remember: the capacity for sexuality is lifelong.

A

In older adults

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30
Q

People experience a day-night, 24 hour cycle known as the…

A

Circadian rhythm

31
Q 
Stage of sleep:
Transition between drowsiness and sleep
Only lasts a few minutes
Feels as though daydreaming if awakened during this state
Heart rate decreases
A

Stage 1

32
Q 
Stage of sleep:
40-50% of sleep time
Can be easily awakened
Muscles relax
Body functions slow
A

Stage 2

33
Q 
Stage of sleep:
Deep sleep
Body functions continue to slow
Sleep walking and bed-wetting can occur
Dreams occur- often realistic
A

Stage 3

34
Q 
Stage of sleep:
Both eyes move rapidly 
Low or absent muscle tone
BP and HR fluctuate
Oxygen consumption increased
Dream can occur- vivid, wild, unrealistic
A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

35
Q

Usual order of the sleep stages

A

1, 2, 3, 2, REM
Usually lasting 90 min each
REM lengthens throughout night

36
Q

Drowsiness/sleepy, minutes, decreased heart rate
Half our sleep time, easily awakened, relaxed muscles, slow body functions.
Deep, sleep walking, realistic dreams

A

Non rapid eye movement

37
Q

Inability to obtain amount of sleep one believes is necessary for healthy functioning

A

Insomnia

38
Q

Cessation of breathing for a time during sleep

A

Sleep apnea

39
Q

Sudden falling asleep during the daytime

A

Narcolepsy

40
Q

Decreased quality and consistency of sleep

A

Sleep deprivation

41
Q

Most common form. Occurs when muscles of the oral cavity or throat relax during sleep. Upper airway becomes blocked and nasal airflow stops. When awakened, voluntary control of upper airway muscles is restored and obstruction is relieved. More than 10 seconds. Causes a serious decline in arterial O2 level

A

Obstructive apnea

42
Q

Involves defects in the brain’s respiratory control center. Impulse to breathe temporarily fails. O2 saturation falls

A

Central apnea

43
Q

One of the most common reasons to seek medical attention

A

Pain

44
Q

There is a lack of objective evidence in obtaining pain so it is ______ and the pain is what the patient says it is, must believe them

A

Subjective

45
Q

Processing of painful stimuli, travel from injury to spinal column to brain where it is perceived and a response takes place.

A

Nociception

46
Q

Suggest there are specific pain receptors in the body

A

Specificity theory

47
Q

Bodies natural supply of opiate like substances, activated by stress or pain, occupy spots in brain where pain is perceived.

A

Endorpohins

48
Q

Proposes that a gate control system modulates sensory input following stimulation of the skin before pain perception and response is evoked. Assumes peripheral pain fibers synapse in the spinal cord – the synapses act as “GATES” to block pain impulses when closed. Large A nerve fibers (heat, cold, and touch convey impulses through the same synapses). Ex. Give pt a backrub. If you bombard with large sensory impulses, you close the gate to the pain impulses (small C fibers are stimulated by pain).

A

Gate control

49
Q

Reaction to pain- increased resps, ­increased heart rate, ­increased B/P, diaphoresis, pupil dilation.

A

Low to moderate pain (Sympathetic Nervous System stimulation)­

50
Q

Reaction to pain- pallor, muscle tension, decreased pulse and B/P, rapid irregular resps, May see no change in vital signs, N/V, weakness or exhaustion

A

Severe pain (Parasympathetic Nervous System stimulation)

51
Q 
Brief duration
The end is expected
Onset usually immediate
may subside with or without treatment
Self limiting
complete relief is expected to come soon
Often frightening for the client
Once pain is relieved, full attention can be give towards recovery
A

Acute pain

52
Q 
Lasts a prolonged period of time
May never gain relief
Remissions and exacerbations
Client can become frustrated and depressed
Pain becomes part of client’s life
This is a disability and can lead to 
job loss
divorce 
 ability to perform ADL’s
sexual dysfunction
social isolation
A

Chronic pain

53
Q

Can be acute, chronic or both associated with progressive malignant-type processes.
May be described as intractable.
Often described as all-consuming and interfering with quality of life.
Examples:
Arthritis
Cancer

A

Malignant pain

54
Q

Duration of time or the intensity of which a subject accepts a stimulus above the pain threshold before making a verbal or overt pain response

A

Pain tolerance

55
Q

Intensity of the noxious stimuli necessary for the person to perceive pain

A

Pain threshold

56
Q

Factors that increase tolerance

A

Alcohol/Drugs, Hypnosis, Warmth, Rubbing, Distraction, Faith, Strong beliefs. Decrease tolerance: Apprehension, Boredom, Fatigue, Anger, Weak, debilitated, Persistent pain, Stress

57
Q

Loss that can be recognized by others

A

Actual loss

58
Q

Loss that is experienced by one person but cant really be verified by others

A

Perceived loss

59
Q

Loss experienced before the loss actually occurs

A

Anticipated loss

60
Q

Is the total response to the emotional experience related to loss

A

Grief

61
Q

Is the subjective response experienced by the surviving loved ones after the death of a person with whom they have shared a significant relationship

A

Bereavement

62
Q

Is the behavioral process through which grief is eventually resolved or altered: it is often influenced by culture, spiritual beliefs, and custom

A

Mourning

63
Q

3 types of greif

A

Normal
Anticipatory
Disenfranchised

64
Q

When societal norms do not define the loss as a loss and the person does not gain support from others

A

Disenfranchised grief

65
Q

4 tasks that promote a healthy adjustment to loss or to grief:

A

T- to accept the reality of the loss
E- experience the pain of the loss
A-adjust to the environment without that person/object in it
R-reinvest the emotional energy into new relationships–cope

66
Q

multidimensional, changing life force, characterized by a confident, yet uncertain expectation of achieving a goal

A

Hope

67
Q

Developed a framework for understanding the process of dying, which is also applicable for the process of grieving.
The model should be used as a guide and not rigidly adhered to.
5 stages
Not every person exhibits every behavior of every stage and not every person progresses smoothly through the stages.
Stages are not neat and orderly

A

Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying

68
Q

5 stages of Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying

A
  1. Denial- Initial reaction is one of shock and disbelief. So overwhelming that cannot deal with feelings. Example responses: “This can’t be.” “They must have made a mistake.” How nurses can help in this stage: Support patient, but don’t reinforce denial.
  2. Anger- As reality slowly works it’s way into consciousness, denial no longer works and is replaced by anger. Anger may be directed at family, friends, health care workers, God… The “why me” stage. How to help: Help patient understand that the anger is a normal response, Do not take anger personally, Allow patient as much control over life as possible, Deal with needs underlying the angry reaction.
  3. Bargaining- Seeks to bargain for more time in an effort to prolong the inevitable. May express feelings of guilt for past sins. Referred to as the “Yes me, but…” stage. Bargaining usually takes the form of promises. “If I can live until my child graduates, I will…” How to help: Listen and encourage patient to talk to relieve guilt and irrational fear. If appropriate, offer spiritual support
  4. Depression- The “Yes, me” Stage. Client recognizes that the loss is going to happen. Will experience grief as they mourn what they are losing. May become depressed and withdraw or may talk freely. How to help: Allow to express sadness. May convey caring by touch (if appropriate) Just listen.
  5. Acceptance- Comes to term with the loss. Usually neither terribly happy or sad. May begin making plans (wills, prosthesis…). Putting closure on unfinished business. How to help: Help loved ones understand the patient’s decreased need to socialize. Encourage to participate as much as possible in the treatment program
69
Q

Durable power of attorney for health care

DNR Do not resuscitate

A

Living will

70
Q

is a notarized statement appointing someone else to manage health care treatment decisions when the client is unable to do so.

A

Health care proxy

71
Q

Stiffening of the body that occurs about 2-4 hours after death
Results from lack of ATP, which causes muscles to contract and joints to immobilize, Usually leaves the body after about 96 hours

A

rigor mortis

72
Q

Preparation of the body

A 
Viewing by the family/for transport/storage
Close eyelids
Remove all tubes
Wash body, comb hair
Dress in clean gown
Fresh top sheet
Position flat with hand on chest, dentures in, and eyelids closed - SUPINE POSITION
Disposition of belongings
73
Q

the gradual decrease of the body’s temperature

A

algor mortis

74
Q

RBC’s break down, releasing hemoglobin, which discolors tissues (usually in lowermost areas of body)

A

livor mortis

Fundamentals 209 (6 decks)

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