Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gen Pathology- PCCF tri 2 > fundamentals - exam 1 > Flashcards

fundamentals - exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of diseases + their processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the “steady state” in which cells exists normally; equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Disease

A

An alteration in the homeostatic balance resulting in characteristic signs + symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Etiology

A

study of causation of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogenesis

A

the mechanisms for the development of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose for understanding pathology?

A

classification of disease, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the divisions of pathology?

A

immunology, hematology, histopathology, cytopathology, + genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

immunology

A

study of the specific defense mechanisms of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hematology

A

study of blood related diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

histopathology

A

study of disease by looking at changes in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cytopathology

A

study of disease by looking at individual cell changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

genetics

A

study of abnormal chromosomes + genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

systemic pathology

A

division of path that studies specific diseases + their manifestations within different organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 4 categories of etiology?

A

damage, degeneration, diet, idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

damage

A

physical, chemical, radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

degeneration

A

wear and tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of morphological change in cells of an organ

A

detectable alterations in the shape of cells, tissues, + organs (ex: fatty liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of cell injury (examples of each)

A

physical agents, chemical agents, infections, immunological, genetic defects, nutritional, hypoxia, + cellular aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

examples of cellular aging

A

damage to DNA from internal or external source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of physical agents

A

cuts + fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examples of genetic defects

A

cystic fibrosis + sickle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

examples of nutritional agents

A

obesity + diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

examples of chemical agents

A

pollutants, alcohol, drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

examples of infectious agents

A

bacteria, fungus, virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

examples of immunological agents

A

allergic rxn, autoimmune disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the reactions of the body to stress

A

cellular adaptations, reversible cell injury, irreversible cell injury, cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can the cell do in response to a stress

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Factors that affect the way the body responds to injury/stress

A

type of cell injured, severity of injury, nutrient availability, inflammatory response, regenerative capacity, intrinsic repair mechanism, type of injury, environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

labile cells

A

a continuous renewal of the cell population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

permanent cells

A

a static cell population. once damaged they arent replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

stable cells

A

cell population that multiplies when necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Examples of labile cells

A

most cells, skin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

neurons, myocardial cells, + skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Examples of stable cells

A

liver cells, kidney cells, + smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the ways a cell adapts to stress?

A

hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of the tissue bc of an increase in the size of cells (hypertension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of the tissue bc of an decrease in the size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

metaplasia

A

change in the type of the cell (barrett’s esophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

dysplasia

A

disorderly growth of the cells (cervical dysplasia w/HPV infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

substances that can accumulate in cells

A

iron, bilirubin, calcium, lipofuscin, amyloid, cholesterol, xanthelasma, xanthoma

44
Q

what is an example of a local accumulation of iron?

A

bruise or hemochromatosis

45
Q

what causes a systemic accumulation of iron?

A

blood transfusions

46
Q

what is an example of a lipofuscin accumulation?

A

aging cells

47
Q

what is an example of a bilirubin accumulation?

48
Q

what is an example of amyloid accumulation?

A

alzheimers disease + amyloidosis

49
Q

what is an example of cholesterol accumulation?

A

xanthelasma, xanthoma, atherosclerosis

50
Q

xanthelasma

A

plaques on eyelids

51
Q

xanthoma

A

fat deposits under skin found under joints

52
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

Calcium deposits in already damaged tissue

53
Q

metastatic calcification

A

elevated serum calcium levels in normal tissue

54
Q

how does hypercalcemia manifest?

A

kidney stones, bone fractures, peptic ulcers, depression

55
Q

what is a free radical injury

A

unstable molecules that damage other cells, common in ECF

56
Q

what are the types of free radicals

A

ROS (reactive oxygen species) + RNS (reactive nitrogen species)

57
Q

what substance neutralizes ROS free radicals

A

superoxides, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical

58
Q

what substances neutralize RNS free radicals?

A

nitric oxide

59
Q

what is oxidative stress?

A

Imbalance of free radicals + antioxidants; caused by free radicals; plays role in aging process

60
Q

reversible cell damage

A

cell + organelles swell, fat accumulation, nuclear chromatic clumping, recovery when stress is removed

61
Q

irreversible cell damage

A

cell dies, necrosis, lysosomes rupture, autoysis

62
Q

what changes occur to the cell nucleus during irreversible cell injury

A

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

63
Q

pyknosis

A

Small dense nucleus

64
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of nucleus

65
Q

karyolysis

A

Total disintegration of nucleus; enzymatic breakdown of dna AFTER cell death

66
Q

necrosis

A

accidental cell damage

67
Q

cause of coagulative cell necrosis

A

protein denaturation

68
Q

example of coagulative cell necrosis

A

myocardial infarction

69
Q

liquefactive cell necrosis

A

dead tissue that is transformed into a viscous fluid mass

70
Q

example of liquefactive cell necrosis

A

stroke, abscesses

71
Q

caseous cell necrosis

A

combination of coagulative + liquefactive; cheese like appearance

72
Q

examples of caseous cell necrosis

A

Tuberculosis

73
Q

gangrenous cell necrosis

A

caused by ischemia; 3 types

74
Q

gas gangrene cell necrosis

A

production of gas accompanied by muscle necrosis

75
Q

examples of gangrenous cell necrosis

A

diabetes mellitus (wet type), frostbite (dry type)

76
Q

enzymatic cell necrosis

A

form of fat necrosis, caused by pancreatic enzymes

77
Q

examples of enzymatic cell necrosis

A

pancreatitis

78
Q

fat cell necrosis

A

occurs in damaged fatty tissue

79
Q

example of fat cell necrosis

A

breast cancer, liver damage, acute pancreatitis

80
Q

fibrinoid cell necrosis

A

aggregates of pink proteinaceous debris

81
Q

examples of fibrinoid cell necrosis

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

82
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death with no inflammatory response

83
Q

what regulates apoptosis

A

nitric oxide

84
Q

what is required for apoptosis to occur

85
Q

what are the 3 types/causes of apoptosis

A

embryogenesis, hormone dependence induction, cell delettion

86
Q

examples of embryogenesis apoptosis

A

fingers + toes are webbed in utero, but apoptosis occurs so they are not out of utero

87
Q

examples of hormone dependence induction apoptosis

A

death of endometrial tissue during a womans period

88
Q

examples of cell deletion apoptosis

A

population of cells have normal turnover + die periodically (RBCs dying)

89
Q

initiation stage of apoptosis

A

activation; cell receives signal to self destruct

90
Q

intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway

A

caused by internal damage (ex: dna damage)

91
Q

extrinsic (death receptor) apoptosis pathway

A

caused by external signals (ex: immune cells relapsing)

92
Q

execution stage of apoptosis

A

destruction phase; cell shrinks, proteins + dna broken down; phagocytes remove. apoptotic bodies to prevent inflammation

93
Q

examples of the nucleus being injured/affected

A

sickle cell disease (genetic), pernicious anemia (nutritional), skin/thyroid cancer + radiation/free radicals (toxic)

94
Q

examples of diseases that affect the lysosome

A

gaucher’s disease + tay-sach’s disease

95
Q

examples of diseases that affect the ribosome

A

ribosomopathies

96
Q

examples of diseases that affect the endoplasmic reticulum

A

ALS, alzheimers, MS, parkinson’s

97
Q

examples of diseases that affect the cell membrane

A

familial hypercholesterolemia + retrolental fibroplasia (receptor defects). clostridiuk perfringens (micro-organism damage)

98
Q

examples of diseases that affect the mitochondria

A

hypoxia, ischemia, +anoxia

99
Q

Example of hypertrophy

A

Hypertension

100
Q

Example of atrophy

A

Poliomyelitis

101
Q

Example of hyperplasia

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

102
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Barret’s esophagus

103
Q

Examples of dystrophic calcification

A

Atherosclerosis

104
Q

Examples of metastatic calcification

A

Hypercalcemia, metastatic lytic bone disease, multiple myeloma

105
Q

Examples of long-term effects of oxidative stress

A

Development of cancer, diabetes mellitus, + heart disease

106
Q

Examples of oxygen based free radicals

A

Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals

Gen Pathology- PCCF tri 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions