Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear stress.

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2
Q

What constitutes as a fluid?

A

Gases and liquids

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3
Q

What are some features of fluids?

A
  • Fluids flow and change shape
  • All fluids respond to an applied force or shear stress – they experience a continuing and permanent distortion
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4
Q

What are fluids regarded as?

A

A continuum

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5
Q

What can be considered when thinking about the actions of forces on fluids?

A
  • The behaviour of every molecule in a given flow
  • The average effects of the molecules in a given volume
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6
Q

When does a continuum prevail?

A

When the number of molecule in a given volume is great that the affects are constant or change smoothly over time

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7
Q

When can the continuum approach be justified?

A
  • Number of molecules in a given volume is large
  • The scale of interest is not too small
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8
Q

What is the definition of density?

A

mass per unit volume

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9
Q

How can specific gravity be calculated?

A

S = density(fluid)/density(water)

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10
Q

How can specific weight be calculated?

A

lambda = density*g

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11
Q

When is air treated as incompressible?

A

At velocities«speed of sound

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12
Q

Is water compressible or incompressible?

A

Incompressible

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13
Q

Which fluid needs larger pressures to compress them?

A

Liquids

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14
Q

What does each fluid element have?

A

Has a unique velocity

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15
Q

What does fluid velocity depend on?

A

Time

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16
Q

What is stress defined as?

A

Force per unit area

17
Q

How can stress act at a surface?

A
  • Can be normal to the surface
  • Or can be a tangential force
18
Q

What can fluid motion cause?

A

Fluid motion can cause stresses

19
Q

What can stresses cause?

A

Stresses can cause fluid motion

20
Q

How do normal stresses behave?

A

Tend to compress / expand the fluid particle without changing its shape

21
Q

How do shear stresses behave?

A
  • Give rise to forces that shear the particle & deform its shape
  • Changes shape without changing volume
22
Q

What type of stresses do stationary fluids feel?

A

Normal only

23
Q

What type of stresses do moving fluids feel?

A

They feel both normal and shear

24
Q

How is viscosity defined?

A

Viscosity is a measure of how much resistance a fluid has to shear

25
How is viscosity quantified?
Quantified by the dynamic viscosity 'mu'
26
When is kinematic viscosity used?
When density variations can be neglected (motion)
27
How is kinematic viscosity related to dynamic viscosity?
v = 'mu'/density
28
How is volume flux determined?
dQ= u*dA