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Gynaecology > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Conceptus remains undifferentiated till

A

6 weeks of IUL

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2
Q

Sex of conceptus is determined by

A

SRY gene (sex related gene)

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3
Q

SRY gene is present on which chromosome

A

Distal end of short arm of Y chromosome

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4
Q

Turner syndrome genotype

A

45XO female babies

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5
Q

Klinefelter syndrome genotype

A

47xxy male babies

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6
Q

In turner’s syndrome ovaries are called

A

Streak gonads

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7
Q

Natural tendency of the conceptus is to develop into

A

A female

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8
Q

Testes formed by

A

6-7 weeks

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9
Q

Ovary formed by

A

7-8 weeks

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10
Q

Helper gene for testes formation

A

SOX-9 gene

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11
Q

Helper gene for ovary formation

A

Wnt4 and RSPO1

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12
Q

gonads are formed from

A

Genital ridge

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13
Q

Genital ridge is derived from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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14
Q

Genital ridge is first seen when in gestation

A

5 weeks

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15
Q

Parts of the female genital derived from urogenital sinus are of what origin

A

Endodermal otherwise the female genital is mesodermal in origin

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16
Q

Germ cells present in gonads are derived from

A

Primitive ectoderm/ epiblast

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17
Q

Till how many weeks 2 ducts are present in the conceptus

A

6 weeks

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18
Q

Which duct appears earlier

A

Wolffian duct appears earlier and is essential for the development of mullerian duct

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19
Q

When does 1 pair of duct disappear

A

9 weeks

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20
Q

When are internal genitalia formed from these ducts

A

10 weeks

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21
Q

Testes determining factor

A

Presence of Y chromosome thus SRY gene

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22
Q

Embryonic testes (sertoli cells)

A
  • mullerian inhibiting substance/ anti mullerian hormone (7 weeks)
  • acts locally, inhibiting the ipsilateral Müllerian duct
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23
Q

Leydig cells

A
  • secretes testosterone (8 weeks)

* secretion max at 15-18 weeks

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24
Q

Function of mullerian inhibiting substance

A
  • regression of Müllerian duct

* descent of testes from the abdomen into the pelvic area

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25
Q

Remnants of Müllerian duct in males

A
  • prostatic utricle

* appendix of testes (Hypatia of morgagni)

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26
Q

What causes the development of wolffian duct and what is it responsible for

A

Testosterone is responsible and it is responsible for the development of the internal genitalia in males

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27
Q

Internal genitalia in males

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • epididymis
  • ejaculatory duct
  • vas deference
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28
Q

What is responsible for the development of the external genitalia in males

A

Do hydro testosterone

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29
Q

What is responsible for the scrotal descent

A

Testosterone

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30
Q

Is Mullerian inhibiting substance produced in females

A

Yes during puberty by the pre antral or antral follicles

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31
Q

Testosterone is converted into di hydro testosterone by the help of

A

5 alpha reductase

32
Q

Most potent androgen

A

Dihydrotestosterone

33
Q

Wolffian ducts derivatives

A

Appendix epididymis

Paradidymis

34
Q

Sertoli cells at puberty secrete

A

Androgen binding protein

Inhibin

35
Q

1st signal in IUL for Sertoli cells to secrete testosterone

A

HCG

36
Q

After puberty which hormone acts on leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

37
Q

What leads to the development of Müllerian ducts

A

Absence of mullerian inhibiting substance

38
Q

What leads to the development of internal female genitalia

A

Mullerian ducts

39
Q

Internal genitalia of female

A

Fallopian tube
Uterus
Cervix
Upper 2/3 of vagina

40
Q

Lower 1/3 of vagina is derived from

A

Sino vaginal bulk of urogenital sinus

41
Q

Vaginal epithelium is derived from

A

Endoderm of urogenital sinus

42
Q

What are the Remnants of wolffian duct

A

Epoophron
Paraophron
Gartner’s duct

43
Q

What causes the regression of wolffian duct

A

Absence of testosterone caused by the absence of leydig cells

44
Q

Remnants of mesonephric tubules

A

Epoophron

Paraophron

45
Q

Remnants of mesonephric duct

A

Gartner’s duct

46
Q

The remnants of wolffian duct are present in

A

Broad ligament

47
Q

Gartner’s cyst

A

Gartner’s duct is present along the entire length forming a blockage

48
Q

Para tubule cyst

A

Epoophron and paraophron are blocked

49
Q

Male and female internal genitalia can be differentiated by

A

10weeks of gestation

50
Q

Uterus is formed by

A

10 weeks

51
Q

Uterine cavity is formed by

A

20 weeks

52
Q

Gartner’s cyst is located in

A

Anterior wall of vagina

53
Q

Bartholin’s cyst is located in

A

Posterior wall of vagina

54
Q

Para urethral cyst

A

Adjacent to the urethra

55
Q

Most common cyst in vagina

A

Inclusion cyst

56
Q

External genitalia is undifferentiated till

A

6 weeks

57
Q

What is required for the development of the female external genitalia

A

Absence of testosterone ( not the presence of estrogen)

58
Q

Structures of undifferentiated external genitalia

A

Genital tubercle
Genital swelling
Genital fold

59
Q

Homologous structures (prostate gland)

A

skene gland/paraurethral gland

60
Q

Bulbourethral gland / Cowper’s gland (homologous structure)

A

Bartholin glands / greater vestibular gland

61
Q

Gubernaculum (homologous structure)

A

Round ligament

62
Q

Hormone required for the growth of ovary at the time of puberty

A

Estrogen

63
Q

Female external genitalia in males

A

Absence of Di hydro testosterone d/t 5 alpha reductase deficiency

64
Q

External genitalia can be differentiated by which week

A

14 weeks of IUL

65
Q

sex of the baby can be determined by which week

A

14 weeks of IUL

66
Q

Development of male external genitalia in females

A

Presence of testosterone in a female foetus during IUL

67
Q

pseudo hermaphroditism

A

The chromosomal make up and the external genitalia are different

68
Q

Male pseudo hermaphroditism

A

46 XY but the external genitalia is of female

69
Q

Female pseudo hermaphroditism

A

46 XX but the external genitalia is of male

70
Q

Most common cause of male pseudo hermaphroditism

A

Androgen insensitive syndrome or testicular feminising syndrome

71
Q

Most common cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

72
Q

True hermaphrodite

A

Presence of both ovaries and testes which are both not properly developed + ambiguous genitalia

73
Q

Karyotype of true hermaphroditism

A

MC- 46XX
10-20%- mosaic pattern
10%- 46XY

74
Q

1st investigation when suspecting abnormal sexual development

A

Karyotyping

75
Q

Best clinical method to ascertain sex of the female

A

Absence of palpable gonads

76
Q

MC method of sex determination at the time of birth

A

Examination of external genitalia

77
Q

Female w karyotype XX and external genitalia of male

A

Most common cause: 1. congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(21 hydroxylase deficiency m.c.; 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency; 3 beta hydroxysteroid deficiency)
2. True hermaphrodite
3. Aromatase deficiency
4. Maternal androgen drug excess
5. Pregnancy Luteoma

Gynaecology (2 decks)

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