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RADBIOLOGY > Fundamental Principles of Radiobiology > Flashcards

Fundamental Principles of Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

The principal aim of the study is to
understand radiation dose-response relationships.

A

RADIOBIOLOGY

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2
Q

Some tissues are more sensitive than others to RADIATION exposure. TRU OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Some tissues are less sensitive than others to radiation exposure. TRUE OR FALSE

A

False, more

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4
Q

They respond more rapidly and to low doses of radiation.

A

TISSUES

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5
Q

Tissues respond more rapidly and to high doses of radiation. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, Low

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6
Q

Reproductive cells are more sensitive than nerve cells. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Nerve cells are more sensitive than reproductive cells. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

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8
Q

Radiobiologic concepts were detailed in ______ by _______.

A

1906, TWO FRENCH SCIENTISTS

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9
Q

Affects the radiobiologic response of tissue.

A

PHYSICAL FACTORS AND BIOLOGIC FACTORS

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10
Q

Knowledge of these radiobiologic factors is essential for understanding the negative effects of low dose radiation exposure. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE , POSITIVE

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11
Q

is essential for understanding the positive effects of low dose radiation exposure.

A

BIOLOGIC FACTORS

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12
Q

The aim of this study is to understand the radiation dose-response relationship.

A

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RADBIOLOGY

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13
Q

A mathematical and graphic function that relates radiation dose to observed response

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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14
Q

Who theorized and observed that radiosensitivity was a function of the metabolic state of the tissue being irradiated.

A

BERGONIE AND TRIBONDEAU

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15
Q

Was a function of the metabolic state of the tissue being irradiated.

A

RADIOSENSITIVITY

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16
Q

The law states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with maturation and metabolism

A

LAW OF BERGONIE AND TRIBONDEAU

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17
Q

The law of BERGONIE AND TRIBONDEAU states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with _________ and __________.

A

MATURATION, METABOLISM

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18
Q

Stem cells are radiosensitive; mature cells are radioresistant. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Mature cells are radiosensitive; Stem cells are radioresistant. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, 1. STEM CELLS
2. MATURE CELLS

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20
Q

Stem cells are _________; _________ are radioresistant.

A

RADIOSENSITIVE, MATURE CELLS

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21
Q

Younger tissues and organs are radioresistant. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, RADIOSENSITIVE

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22
Q

Tissues with ______ metabolic activity are ________.

A

HIGH, RADIOSENSITIVE

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23
Q

A ___ _______ rate for cells and a ____ ______ rate for tissues result in ________.

A

HIGH PROLIFERATION, HIGH GROWTH, INCREASED RADIOSENSITIVITY.

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24
Q

In diagnostic imaging, law serves to remind us that fetuses are considerably less sensitive to radiation exposure as are children compared to mature adults. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, MORE SENSITIVE

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25
Q

When one irradiates tissue, the response of the tissue is determined principally by the ___________________.

A

AMOUNT OF ENERGY DEPOSITED PER UNIT MASS

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26
Q

WHEN EQUAL DOSES ARE DELIVERED TO EQUAL SPECIMENS, the response will be the same because of other modifying factors. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, MAY NOT BE THE SAME

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27
Q

A number of _________ ______ affect the degree of radiation response.

A

PHYSICAL FACTORS

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28
Q

Is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.

A

LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER

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29
Q

It is another method of expressing radiation quality and determining the value of the radiation weighting factor used in radiation protection

A

LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER

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30
Q

Expressed in units of kiloelectron volt of energy transferred per micrometer of track length in soft tissue (KeV/μm).

A

LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER

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31
Q

The LET of diagnostic x-rays is approximately _____ KeV/μm.

A

3

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32
Q

The ability of ionizing radiation to produce a biologic response ________ as the LET of radiation _________.

A

INCREASES, INCREASES

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33
Q

When LET is _____, ionization occurs frequently, increasing the probability of interaction with the target molecule.

A

HIGH

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34
Q

LET increases, biologic damage increases.

A

RELATIVE BIOLOGIC EFFECTIVENESS

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35
Q

LET increases, biologic damage decreases. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, INCREASES

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36
Q

Quantitatively described by RBE

A

RBE = DOSE OF STANDARD RADIATION NECESSARY TO PRODUCE A GIVEN EFFECT ÷ DOSE OF TEST RADIATION NECESSARY TO PRODUCE SAME EFFECT

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37
Q

Diagnosis x-rays have an RBE of ____.

A

1

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38
Q

Radiations with lower LET than diagnostic x-rays have an RBE _______.

A

Less than 1

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39
Q

Radiations with higher LET have a _____ RBE

A

HIGHER

40
Q

If the time of irradiation is lengthened, a ____ ____ is required to produce same effect

A

HIGHER DOSE

41
Q

The dose is delivered continuously but lower (lasts a long time)

A

PROTRACTION

42
Q

Reduces effect because cells undergo repair and recovery between doses, used in radiation oncology

A

FRACTIONATION

43
Q

Tissue is more sensitive to radiation when irradiated in the oxygen/aerobic state that under anoxic or hypoxic conditions

A

OXYGEN EFFECT

44
Q

Tissue irradiation is conducted under conditions of _______ oxygenation.

A

FULL

45
Q

Been used in radiation oncology in an attempt to enhance the radiosensitivity of nodular.

A

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN

46
Q

Which are less radiosensitive than tumors with an adequate blood supply.

A

AVASCULAR TUMORS

47
Q

OER is high for high LET radiation and increases in value as the LET increases. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, LOW LET, DECREASES IN VALUE

48
Q

Humans are more sensitive to radiation before birth and old age

A

AGE-RELATED EFFECT

49
Q

Radiosensitivity varies with height. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, AGE

50
Q

The combined processes of intracellular repair and repopulation by surviving cells

A

RECOVERY

51
Q

Human cells can recover from sublethal radiation damage if the dose is sufficient to kill the cell before its next cell division. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE, IS NOT SUFFICIENT

52
Q

Occurs when the cell dies before replicating

A

INTERPHASE DEATH

53
Q

If a tissue or organs receives a sufficient radiation dose, it responds by _______. This is called _______.

A

SHRINKING, ATROPHY

54
Q

Modify the radiation response of cells, tissues, and organs

A

CHEMICAL AGENTS

55
Q

What are the 2 Chemical Agents

A

RADIOSENSITIZER & RADIOPROTECTORS

56
Q

For chemical agents to be effective, they must be present at the time of _______.

A

IRRADIATION

57
Q

Does not alter the degree of radiation response.

A

POSTIRRADIATION APPLICATION

58
Q

This type of chemical agent is sensitizing agent

A

RADIOSENSITIZER

59
Q

Types of chemical agents that enhance the effect of radiation

A

RADIOSENSITIZER

60
Q

A type of Chemical agent that reduces the effect of radiation.

A

RADIOPROTECTORS

61
Q

Chemical agent that doesn’t find human application

A

RADIOPROTECTORS

62
Q

Theory that suggests that very low radiation doses may be beneficial

A

THEORY OF HORMESIS

63
Q

Less than _____ mGyt (10rad) no human radiation responses have been observed

A

100 mGyt

64
Q

A mathematical relationship between various radiation dose levels and magnitude of the observed response

A

RADIATION DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

65
Q

2 important applications of radiation dose-response relationship in RADIOBIOLOGY

A

A.) EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED RELATIONSHIPS ARE USED TO DESIGN THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER

B.) EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED RELATIONSHIPS ARE USED TO DESIGN THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER

66
Q

USED TO DESIGN THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER

A

RADIATION DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

67
Q

Provides the basis for radiation control activities

A

RADIATION DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

68
Q

2 types of human responses to radiation exposure

A

EARLY OR LATE
HIGH DOSE OR LOW DOSE
DETERMINISTIC OR STOCHASTIC

69
Q

Radiation responses high-dose exposure and an early response. Ex. Skin burns

A

DETERMINISTIC

70
Q

Responses low radiation exposure and appears as a late radiation response. Ex. Leukemia, Cancer or Genetic Effects

A

STOCHASTIC

71
Q

2 Characteristics of radiation-dose response relationship

A

LINEAR OR NONLINEAR
THRESHOLD OR NONTHRESHOLD

72
Q

The response is directly proportionate to the radiation dose.

A

LINEAR DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

73
Q

In linear dose-response relationship. When radiation dose is doubled, the response to radiation likewise is ________.

A

DOUBLED

74
Q

The response is not directly proportional to the radiation dose

A

NONLINEAR DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

75
Q

The level below which there is no response

A

THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

76
Q

Any dose, regardless of its size, is expected, expected to produce a response

A

NONTHRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

77
Q

Intersects the dose axis at zero or below

A

NONTHRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

78
Q

Indicates that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe

A

NONTHRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

79
Q

Indicates that even without radiation exposure, that type of response, such as cancer, occurs.

A

THE LEVEL Rn (natural response level)

80
Q

Basis for radiation protection guidelines

A

LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

81
Q

Basis for current dose limits

A

LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

82
Q

The result of extrapolation

A

LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

83
Q

Radiation-induced cancer

A

LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

84
Q

Single-hit chromosome aberration

A

LINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

85
Q

Intercepts the dose axis at some value greater than zero

A

LINEAR THRESHOLD

86
Q

Multihit chromosome aberration

A

NONLINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

87
Q

A large response results from a very small radiation dose

A

NONLINEAR NONTHRESHOLD

88
Q

Incremental doses in the low dose range produce very _______ response

A

LITTLE

89
Q

At high doses, the same increment of dose produces a much ________ response.

A

LARGER

90
Q

Occurs when the curve stops bending up and begins bending down

A

THE INFLECTION POINT

91
Q

The principal interest in diagnostic imaging is to estimate response at _________ radiation dose

A

VERY LOW

92
Q

PHYSICAL FACTOR THAT AFFECT RADIOSENSITIVITY

A

LET
RBE
FRACTIONATION
PROTRACTION

93
Q

Factors used in radiation protection that accounts for differences in biologic effectiveness between different radiation

A

RADIATION WEIGHTING FACTOR

94
Q

Two ways of lengthening the time of irradiation

A

PROTRACTION AND FRACTIONATION

95
Q

The dose is delivered at the same dose in equal portions at regular intervals

A

FRACTIONATION

96
Q

BIOLOGIC FACTOR THAT AFFECT RADIOSENSITIVITY

A

OXYGEN EFFECT
AGE-RELATED EFFECT
CHEMICAL AGENTS
RECOVERY
HORMESIS

RADBIOLOGY (2 decks)

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