Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
+City of UR
First cities divided into neighborhoods
Jamestown Colony
1st English settlement.
Riverside IL
1st planned sub community. 1869 Olmstead.
Curvilinear Streets ( Riverside Illinois)
Avoid right-angle intersections. Triangle parcels.
Multi-Nuclei Model
The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago. It says that even though a city may have begun with a central business district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city.
The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article “The Nature of Cities”.[1]
Agrarian Philosophy
Stresses the role of nature, soil quality and climate in the formation of moral character as well as social and political systems.
Laissez Faire Philosophy
Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention. The theory of laissez-faire was developed by the French Physiocrats during the 18th century. Laissez-faire advocates that economic success is inhibited when governments are involved in business and markets.
Public Health Movement
Public Health and safety requirement and maximum works hours. Improved housing standards.
Provision of light and air in cities.
Garden City Movement
Method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by green builts. Ebenezer Howard
City Efficient Movement
Major movement in the us, BRITAIN AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL NATIONS. Develop and implement best practices.
City Beautiful Movement
A reform philosophy of north American architecture and urban planning that thrived during the 1890’s and 1900s. Daniel Burnham.
Daniel B 1909 plan of Chicago principal document of the city beautiful movement
Neighborhood Unit Concept
Formed by the prevailing social and intellectual attitudes by 1900s Clarence perry.
City Functional Movement
Developed in the 40’s contributed to the federal government’s increased involvement in local planning and the post-war passage of section 701.
Edge Cities
becomes edge city when there is a concentration of businesses in a previously known rural or residential area.
Joel Garreus book Edge City - life on the New Frontier.
New Towns
Refers to towns that were built in the Uk. Remedy overcrowding and congestion,
New Urbanism
An urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. began in the 80s.
Broadacre City
Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime. He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932. A few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve-by-twelve-foot (3.7 × 3.7 m) scale model representing a hypothetical four-square-mile (10 km2) community.
Concentric zone model
CBD
TRansition Zone
Low income
Middle income
Commuting zone
Sector Model
Hoyst - 1939 modification of the concentric zonen modal. outward progression of growth.
Land ord 1785
Settlers can purchase title to farmland.
Public Land Survey Stsem
Method developed in US plat, divide real property for sale and settling
Homestead Act of 1862
Was a revolutionary concept for distributing public land in American history.
Dispersed settlement
known as scattered settlement, is considered a rural settlement.
Compact or Nucleated Settlements
type of settlement pattern features a close group of buildings
Linear settlements
Normally small to medium-sized
Berk California
adopted a loophole ordinance for the 14th amendment that kept neighborhoods segregated without mentioning race.
Result city created residential districts that banned apartments
barrier for people who could not afford a mortgage effectively keeping them exclusively white
Housing of 1937
USA Housing Act of 1037 was established by Catherine Bauer Wurster.
Created the model we have today: federal dollars funding local housing authorities.
G.I bill 1944
Created programs that help veterans after WW2
Programs included low-cost mortgages
Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
Requires that buildings and facilities be designed, constructed, and altered.
HUD act of 1968
Expanded housing funding programs - private developers to affordable units
Property Rights Law cases
Hadavheck V Sebastian - prohibited the manufacturing of bricks within specified city limits.
Welch V Swasey - The Supreme court first approved building height controls in this case. Courtdefered to police powers of the locals
Eubank v City of Richmond = approved setback regulations in the case. Overturned them in this cause because it found the setbacks imposed by the petition of neighbors violated equal protection
Moore v City of East Cleveland - housing ordinance limited occupancy of a dwelling unit to members of a single family. The ordinance isolated the residents’ rights as it constituted “intrusive regulation of the family”.
Eminent Domain Cases
Kohl V United States: Ruled federal government could, with just compensation seize private property within the states to build a post office and other government buildings.
Berman V parker: expanded the definition of public use to include public purpose. The government could transfer property from one private party to another as a part of a redevelopment plant that serves the public purpose.
Penn Central V New York City - Penn Central company wanted to build an office tower above its grand central terminal in order to generate more income. The city’s Landmarks Preservation Commission rules that the company could not go forward with the plan because it would alter the existing landmark too much.
Continued Eminent Domain
Kelo v City of New London - The City Authorized the use of the eminent domain to revitalize its distressed economy. The city council allowed a private nonprofit to exercise eminent domain in the city’s name. Although eminent domain had not allowed private property to transfer to another private party. The court allowed the transfer because it was part of a development plan designed to benefit the public.
Penn East piple co vs New Jersey - US Supreme Court affirmed the right of a pipeline company to use eminent domain powers granted under the Natural Gas Act to seize state-owned lands for private development. The Ruling reaffirmed the states cannot preemptively acquire land to block interstate pipeline projects.
Advocacy Planning
Created by Paul Davidoff - Various interest groups. PLanners play the role of advocates, helping those people to prepare plans whose views match their own.
Rational Planning
The rational planning model is the process of understanding a problem by establishing and evaluating planning criteria, formulation of alternatives and implementing them and finally monitoring the progress of the chosen alternatives.
Equity
Equity planning is a framework in which urban planners working within the government use their research, and analytical skills to influence opinion, and mobilize underrepresented constituencies.
