Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development and in what year?
Los Angeles, 1909
What was the first major American city to apply City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham? In what year?
San Francisco, 1906
What city passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses and in what year?
San Francisco, 1867
What city adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett and in what year?
New York City, 1916
What year was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act issued and what year was it released, and by what figure?
1924 and 1928, Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce
What city/year was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
The City of Cincinnati, 1925
What city/year the first federally supported public housing was constructed?
Cleveland, 1934
What state/year was the first state to introduce statewide zoning?
Hawaii, 1961
What book resulted in housing reform in New York City in the late 19th century?
How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, published in 1890
What book initiated the Garden City movement?
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898.
What book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago?
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody, published in 1912
What book was the first major textbook on city planning?
Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914.
What book centers on regional planning, whose author is known as the “father of regional planning”?
Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddes, published in 1915
What book defines basic urban design concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes, and deals with mental maps?
Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, published in 1960.
What book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal?
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961
What book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment?
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, 1962
What book focuses on conservation design and regional planning using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS?
Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, published in 1969.
What book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design?
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by William Whyte, published in 1980
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public
Homestead Act
1862, provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres or 10% of the land area of the United States
What are units in the United States Public Land Survey System? What are the measurements in miles and acres?
Section - 1 mi x 1 mi - 640 acres
Township - 6 mi x 6 mi - 36 sq mi
Quarter section - 1/2 x 1/2 mi - 160 acres
Antiquities Act
1906, the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
Resettlement Administration
1935, the Resettlement Administration was formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns. Led by Rexford Tugwell.
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
1944, GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
Herbert Simon
Bounded rationality and satisficing. The human mind is limited in its ability to solve problems. We instead choose alternatives that are good enough.
Charles Lindblom
Incrementalism. Lindblom argued that decision-makers compare and evaluate increments. The planning process is focused on solving existing problems rather than on achieving a future desired state.
Mixed scanning
Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between rational and incremental planning theories. Etzioni argued that fundamental policy-shaping decisions should be based on a more careful rational analysis of alternatives. Implementation decisions, on the other hand, should use an incremental approach.
Paul Davidoff
Advocacy planning.Davidoff argued that planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community.
Norman Krumholz
Equity planning
Transactive planning
John Friedmann, In transactive planning, the planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues and help develop a plan. Through a process of “mutual learning,” the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizens provide community knowledge.
Lawrence Haworth
wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.
Randall Arendt
Conservation planning; conservation subdivision designer; wrote Rural by Design
Mariemont Ohio
Planned community in 1923 based on english garden cities. Originally intended for a mix of housing types and socioeconomic status.
What are the first-order concerns of urban development in Susan Fainstein’s “Just City”?
“equity, “democracy,” and ‘’diversity’’. Equity trumps all.
Which act created the HOME Investments program (HUD)?
1990 National Affordable Housing Act (Cranston-Gonzalez)
Plural planning
Paul Davidoff, part of advocacy planning.
City planners shouldn’t attempt to frame a single plan that represents the “ public interest ” but rather “represent and plead the plans of many interest groups.” In other words, planning should be pluralistic and represent diverse interests, especially minority interests.
The City as a Growth Machine
Harvey Molotch, 1976. focuses attention on the role of elites and entrepreneurs in creating the growth of a city.
1956 Federal Highway Act
Created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities
Allocated funds from automobile sales for road construction
