Fundamental Planning Knowledge

Question 1

What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development and in what year?

Answer 1

Los Angeles, 1909

Question 2

What was the first major American city to apply City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham? In what year?

Answer 2

San Francisco, 1906

Question 3

What city passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses and in what year?

Answer 3

San Francisco, 1867

Question 4

What city adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett and in what year?

Answer 4

New York City, 1916

Question 5

What year was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act issued and what year was it released, and by what figure?

Answer 5

1924 and 1928, Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce

Question 6

What city/year was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

Answer 6

The City of Cincinnati, 1925

Question 7

What city/year the first federally supported public housing was constructed?

Answer 7

Cleveland, 1934

Question 8

What state/year was the first state to introduce statewide zoning?

Answer 8

Hawaii, 1961

Question 9

What book resulted in housing reform in New York City in the late 19th century?

Answer 9

How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, published in 1890

Question 10

What book initiated the Garden City movement?

Answer 10

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898.

Question 11

What book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago?

Answer 11

Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody, published in 1912

Question 12

What book was the first major textbook on city planning?

Answer 12

Carrying Out the City Plan by Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914.

Question 13

What book centers on regional planning, whose author is known as the “father of regional planning”?

Answer 13

Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddes, published in 1915

Question 14

What book defines basic urban design concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes, and deals with mental maps?

Answer 14

Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, published in 1960.

Question 15

What book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal?

Answer 15

The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961

Question 16

What book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment?

Answer 16

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, 1962

Question 17

What book focuses on conservation design and regional planning using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS?

Answer 17

Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, published in 1969.

Question 18

What book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design?

Answer 18

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by William Whyte, published in 1980

Question 19

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 19

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public

Question 20

Homestead Act

Answer 20

1862, provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres or 10% of the land area of the United States

Question 21

What are units in the United States Public Land Survey System? What are the measurements in miles and acres?

Answer 21

Section - 1 mi x 1 mi - 640 acres
Township - 6 mi x 6 mi - 36 sq mi
Quarter section - 1/2 x 1/2 mi - 160 acres

Question 22

Antiquities Act

Answer 22

1906, the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.

Question 23

Resettlement Administration

Answer 23

1935, the Resettlement Administration was formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns. Led by Rexford Tugwell.

Question 24

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Answer 24

1944, GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.

Question 25

Herbert Simon

Answer 25

Bounded rationality and satisficing. The human mind is limited in its ability to solve problems. We instead choose alternatives that are good enough.

Question 26

Charles Lindblom

Answer 26

Incrementalism. Lindblom argued that decision-makers compare and evaluate increments. The planning process is focused on solving existing problems rather than on achieving a future desired state.

Question 27

Mixed scanning

Answer 27

Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between rational and incremental planning theories. Etzioni argued that fundamental policy-shaping decisions should be based on a more careful rational analysis of alternatives. Implementation decisions, on the other hand, should use an incremental approach.

Question 28

Paul Davidoff

Answer 28

Advocacy planning.Davidoff argued that planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community.

Question 29

Norman Krumholz

Answer 29

Equity planning

Question 30

Transactive planning

Answer 30

John Friedmann, In transactive planning, the planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues and help develop a plan. Through a process of “mutual learning,” the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizens provide community knowledge.

Question 31

Lawrence Haworth

Answer 31

wrote the book, The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.

Question 32

Randall Arendt

Answer 32

Conservation planning; conservation subdivision designer; wrote Rural by Design

Question 33

Mariemont Ohio

Answer 33

Planned community in 1923 based on english garden cities. Originally intended for a mix of housing types and socioeconomic status.

Question 34

What are the first-order concerns of urban development in Susan Fainstein’s “Just City”?

Answer 34

“equity, “democracy,” and ‘’diversity’’. Equity trumps all.

Question 35

Which act created the HOME Investments program (HUD)?

Answer 35

1990 National Affordable Housing Act (Cranston-Gonzalez)

Question 36

Plural planning

Answer 36

Paul Davidoff, part of advocacy planning.
City planners shouldn’t attempt to frame a single plan that represents the “ public interest ” but rather “represent and plead the plans of many interest groups.” In other words, planning should be pluralistic and represent diverse interests, especially minority interests.

Question 37

The City as a Growth Machine

Answer 37

Harvey Molotch, 1976. focuses attention on the role of elites and entrepreneurs in creating the growth of a city.

Question 38

1956 Federal Highway Act

Answer 38

Created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities
Allocated funds from automobile sales for road construction