Fundamental Cell Structures Lecture 1 Flashcards
Explain Plasma membrane
semipermambe
ampphilic
enclosure of the cell
What happens in MITOCHONDRIA?
ATP synthesis through respiration
Fatty acid synthesis in ANIMALS
TCA cycle
Chloroplast
ATP synthesis -Photosynthesis
Fatty acid synthesis in Plants
What is the difference between Lysosomes and Vacuoles
both are responsible for degradation of structures and molecules but LYSOSOMES are in Animals and VACUOLES in Plants
what is the function of Peroxisomes?
Fatty acid oxidation
Long fatty acid in Animals
All fatty acids in plants
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum
SER – Lipid Synthesis and drug metabolism
RER— Protein synthesis, modification, processing and transport
Golgi Complex
Protein modification and Trafficking
Cytoplasm
Glucose degradation,, Faty Acid Synthesis ANIMALS
Cytoskieleton
cell structure and shape, locomotion intracellular transport mechanical support Actin ailments, microtubials
Extra Cellular Matrix
Matrix produced and excreted by cells
proteins and polysaccharides
support cell adhesion
What is Endosymbiosis Hypothesis
According to this hypothesis, these organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms that were taken inside a primordial eukaryotic cell.
endocytosis of prokaryotes
Mitochondria- colorless aerobic prokaryotes
Chloroplast– cyanobacteria
Name cellular processes that require energy
Synthesis of cellular macromolecules synthesis of phospholipids cellular movement transport molecules against concentration gradient generation of electric potential heat
Asexual Reproduction
cell division after duplication genetic material
each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent (clone)
exception-stem cell
changes through mutation
Sexual Reproduction
Interchange of genetic material between cells by fusing of cells
switching from Haploid to Diploid
offspring will have combination of genes
changes through mutation during meiosis
Define Haploid
only one set of chromosomes
Define Diploid
2 homologous copies of each chromosome except sex chromosomes they are different undergo mitosis (somatic cells)
what is Genome?
totality of genetic information of a cell or organism
Are all genome sizes the same?
No, different genome sizes between organisms
genome size and number increases between pro and eukaryotes
different arrangement of genetic material in pro and eukaryotes
Describe Gradual Evolution
Small change- Mutation or Horizontal gene transfer
Mutation
Errors in DNA Deletion Point Mutation Large-scale rearrangement Segmental duplication Inversion Insertion
What happened if unpaired mutation is passed on to daughter cells?
In gremlin cell, to progeny
In somatic cells, remain within originating tissue
Horizontal Gene Transfere HGT
movement of genetic material between unicellular and multicellular organisms
transmission of DNA between different genomes
What are the disciplines for studying cells ?
Cell Biology
Biochemistry/Biophysics
Genetics and Genomics
Development Biology
What is a model Organism?
species that has been widely studied because it is easy to maintain in a laboratory settings and has experimental advantages
