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DIG > Functions of the Liver and Hepatobiliary System > Flashcards

Functions of the Liver and Hepatobiliary System Flashcards

1
Q

In which abdominal quadrant is the liver located?

A

In the right hypochondrium.

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2
Q

What is the name of the upper right abdominal quadrant?

A

Right hypochondrium.

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3
Q

What is the name of the upper middle abdominal qudrant?

A

Epigastric region.

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4
Q

What is the name of the upper left abdominal quadrant?

A

Left hypochondrium.

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5
Q

What is the name of the middle right abdominal quadrant?

A

Right lumbar.

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6
Q

What is the name of the central abdominal quadrant?

A

Umbilical region.

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7
Q

What is the name of the middle left abdominal quadrant?

A

Left region.

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8
Q

What is the name of the bottom right abdominal quadrant?

A

Right iliac region.

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9
Q

What is the name of the bottom middle abdominal quadrant?

A

Hypogastrium.

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10
Q

What is the name of the bottom left abdominal quadrant?

A

Left iliac region.

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11
Q

How many lobes comprise the liver?

What separates these lobes?

A

2.

Falciform ligament.

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12
Q

What is the name of the ligament that hangs inferior to the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres.

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13
Q

What is the name of the infero-postero-medial part of the right lobe?

A

Quadrate lobe.

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14
Q

What is the name of the supero-postero medial part of the right lobe?

A

Caudate lobe.

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15
Q

Where does the gallbladder lie in relation to the liver?

A

On the posterior aspect of the right lobe, lateral to the quadrate lobe.

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16
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

The formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in response to tissue damage.

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17
Q

Where does hepatic bile drain into?

Through which duct is bile transferred?

A

The duodenum, through the common bile duct.

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18
Q

Which muscle contracts to secrete bile?

A

The hepatopancreatic sphincter.

19
Q

What is the function unit of the liver?

What 4 things is it composed of?

A

A liver lobule.

1 - Hepatocytes.

2 - Sinusoidal channels.

3 - Inlet and outlet blood vessels.

4 - Bile canaliculi.

20
Q

What does the portal vein carry?

A

Venous blood from the gut.

21
Q

What does the hepatic artery carry?

A

Arterial blood.

22
Q

Where do hepatic veins drain into after leaving the liver?

A

Into the inferior vena cava.

23
Q

List 4 locations in the liver where connective tissue can be found.

A

1 - Capsule.

2 - Perivascular.

3 - Surrounding the portal tract.

4 - Reticular network (holds cells in place).

24
Q

Which cells produce the ECM materials that compose the connective tissue of the liver?

A

Stellate cells.

25
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins in the connective tissue of the liver?

A

To help orientate the cells correctly.

Link cells to collagen and ECM.

26
Q

What is the difference between an acinus and a lobule?

A

Both are views of the function unit of the liver, however:

An acinus is centered on portal tracts and bile ducts.

Whereas a lobule is centered on central veins.

27
Q

What is a bile canaliculus?

A

The thin tubes that connects bile secreted by hepatocytes.

Merge to form ductules, which form the common hepatic duct.

28
Q

What type of epithelia compose the endothelium of the liver?

A

Squamous epithelium.

29
Q

What are the two functions of the endothelium specific to the liver?

A

1 - To protect the parenchyma from blood cells, bacteria and viruses.

2 - To filter fluids.

30
Q

List 5 normal endothelium functions.

A

1 - Anti-thrombogenic functions.

2 - Regulation of coagulation.

3 - Regulation of leukocyte traffic.

4 - Selective uptake of solutes.

5 - Scavenging of waste products.

31
Q

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

A

Act as macrophages.
- Produce cytokines,
-

32
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

Within the sinusoids.

33
Q

What comprises a portal triad?

A

1 - Hepatic artery.

2 - Hepatic portal vein.

3 - Bile ductules.

4 - Lymphatic vessels.

5 - Branch of vagus nerve.

34
Q

What are stellate cells?

What shape do they have?

How does their shape change in response to the environment?

A

Perisinusoidal fat storing cells, aid in production of ECM.

Normally star shaped with multiple branching membranous processes.

Adopt a more fibroblast-like morphology in disease.

35
Q

What are the 2 primary digestive functions of the liver?

A

1 - Carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

2 - Storage of vitamins and minerals.

36
Q

List 2 examples of biological molecules synthesised in the liver.

A

1 - Cholesterol.

2 - Bile.

3 - Albumin.

4 - Fibronectin (and components of coagulation cascade).

5 - Plasminogen.

6 - Alpha-1 antitrypsin.

7 - Transferrin.

8 - Hepcidin (regulator of iron entry into blood circulation).

37
Q

List 4 detoxification and elimination functions of the liver.

A

1 - Urinary excretion (solubilisation of compoudns).

2 - Biliary excretion (lipophilic compounds).

3 - Biotransformation of drugs (Phase 1 = oxidation by P450 and Phase 2 = conjugation)

4 - Elimination of ammonia.

38
Q

What is liver cirrhosis?

A

An advanced stage of liver fibrosis with distortion of the hepatic vasculature and structure.

39
Q

List 3 complications of liver cirrhosis.

A

1 - Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen).

2 - Varices (extremely dilated submucosal veins due to portal hypertension).

4 - Renal failure.

40
Q

What are the 3 main drivers of cirrhosis?

A

1 - Viral infection.

2 - Alcohol.

3 - Metabolic syndrome.

41
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A
  • Viruses selectively infect hepatocytes.

- Very strong immune response -> immune system kills infected hepatocytes.

42
Q

List 5 symptoms and risks associated with non alcoholic fatty liver disease.

A

1 - Insulin resistance.

2 - Lipotoxicity.

3 - Oxidant stress.

4 - Apoptosis.

5 - Inflammation

43
Q

List 3 possible causes of damage to the liver that may result in fibrosis.

A

1 - Virus / infection.

2 - Toxins (ethanol).

3 - Autoimmunity.

DIG (20 decks)

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