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U5 Neuroanatomy > Functions of specific structures > Flashcards

Functions of specific structures Flashcards

1
Q

What does increased tone usually rule out?

A

Pathology that is strictly peripheral

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2
Q

What do symptoms in the head usually rule out? What’s the exception?

A

Spinal cord. Horner’s is the exception.

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3
Q

If in the brain, what level is the lesion?: How do we go about answering this question?

A

Shift your diagnosis rostrally to accommodate additional reported symptoms. Do not shift down (caudally).

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4
Q

What is the rule if symptoms occur suddenly?

A

They are probably caused by a stroke except if caused by obvious trauma. The symptoms of stroke are largely the same (hemorrhagic vs. ischemic), however, the treatment is different.

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5
Q

What is the rule if symptoms progress gradually over time and are unilateral?

A

They are likely caused by a tumor.

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6
Q

What is the rule if symptoms develop gradually and are bilateral (usually the case) with no increase in intracranial pressure?

A

It is a disease process.

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7
Q

If the lesion is in the spinal cord what are the symptoms?

A

All sensory and motor symptoms are on the same side as the lesion except loss of pain and temperature.

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8
Q

If the lesion is in the brain stem what are the symptoms?

A

The lesion is on the same side as the highest symptom (the one which located the level); lower symptoms will occur on the opposite side.

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9
Q

If the lesion is in the forebrain what are the symptoms?

A

All sensory and motor symptoms are on the opposite side of the body (olfactory loss is the exception).

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10
Q

If the lesion is in the cerebellum (or its input or output tracts) what are the symptoms?

A

All symptoms are on the same side as the lesion.

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11
Q

What does failure to move (and other synonymous verbiage) indicate?

A

Lesion of descending motor pathway.

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12
Q

What do tremors and incoordination typically indicate?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

What does involuntary, uncontrollable movement indicate in general?

A

Basal ganglia

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14
Q

Telencephalon =

A

cerbral hemispheres (cortex + white matter + basal ganglia)

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15
Q

Diencephalon =

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

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16
Q

Mesencephalon =

A

midbrain

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17
Q

Metencephalon =

A

cerebellum + pons

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18
Q

Myelencephalon =

A

Medulla

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19
Q

Forebrain =

A

telencephalon + diencephalon

Or: cerbral hemispheres (cortex + white matter + basal ganglia) + thalamus + hypothalamus

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20
Q

Hindbrain =

A

Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

Or: cerebellum + pons + medulla

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21
Q

brainstem =

A

midbrain + pons + medulla

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22
Q

limbic lobe =

A

parahippocampal g. + cingulate g. + parolfactory (subcallosal) g

23
Q

tectum =

A

superior + inferior colliculus

24
Q

cerebral peduncles =

A

tegmentum + crus cerebri

25
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?

A

CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)

26
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the pons?

A

CN V (trigeminal), CN VI (abducens), CN VII (facial)

27
Q

What does the inferior cerebllar peduncle do?

A

Connects the medulla to the cerebellum

28
Q

What does the middle cerebllar peduncle do?

A

connects the pons to the cerebellum

29
Q

What does the superior cerebllar peduncle do?

A

connects the cerebellum to the midbrain and thalamus tonsils

30
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the medulla?

A

CN VIII (vestibular, auditory), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN XI (accessory), CN XII (hypoglossal)

31
Q

If there is ataxic or disrupted breathing (death), or irregular heartbeats what area of the brain is suggested to be injured?

A

The medulla. It is likely compromised by the patients illness.

32
Q

What do loss of sensation in the face, or an eye deviated medially, or weakness of the facial muscles indicate?

A

Pontine dysfunction. Also note that CN VIII originates in the transition between the pons and medulla, and symptoms include ipsilateral deficits in hearing or balance.

33
Q

A dilated pupil or an eye whose movements are extremely restricted would suggest a problem where?

A

In the midbrain

34
Q

What does a coma usually indicate or a change in consciousness?

A

Levels of consciousness are controlled by circuits in the tegmentum of the midbrain so the symptoms indicate a forebrain or midbrain involvement.

35
Q

The loss of smell or the more common loss of vision would indicate what?

A

A problem with the forebrain. Changes in “mental” functions, memory, language, affect also indicate forebrain disease.

36
Q

When an area in the occipital lobe has a lesion what occurs?

A

There are blind spots (scotomas) in the half of the visual field contralateral to the lesion.

37
Q

What connects each side of the visual cortex?

A

The splenium of the corpus collosum interconnects them.

38
Q

What is the primary visual cortex called? Where does it get its information from? Where does it spread to?

A

V1 or areas 17. It gets its information from the thalamus. Visual info then spreads to other portions of the occipital cortex and to areas in the parietal and temporal lobes (areas 18 and 19).

39
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus associate with? Where does it get its information from? What is it also called?

A

It is the primary somatosensory system. It gets its info from the thalamus. It is also called SI or Brodman’s area 3,1,2

40
Q

What is associated with the superior parietal lobule? What would a lesion cause?

A

Guided movement. Lesions will cause “apraxia” this is the inability to bring the limb under sensory or cognitive control.

41
Q

What is associated with the inferior parietal lobule? What would a lesion cause?

A

In the “dominant” hemisphere (usually the left) it is concerned with language. The supra marginal gyrus is part of “Wernicke’s area” and is needed to understand language. The angular gyrus is the gateway through which visual information reaches Wernicke’s area. Damage to this area affects the ability to read.

42
Q

What is associated with Heschl’s gyrus/ gyro (traverse temporal gyrii, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42)? What would a lesion cause?

A

This is primary sensory cortex for audition, however, since info from both ears is processed bilaterally in the brain, damage to this area in only one hemisphere produces little deficit. Damage to this region in both hemispheres results in an inability to understand spoken language since auditory info is cut off from Wernicke’s area.

43
Q

What is associated with the superior temporal gyrus? What would a lesion cause?

A

Audition and the posterior portion and superior surface lying within the lateral sucus, called the planum temporal makes up part of Wernicke’s area in the dominant hemisphere.

44
Q

The middle, inferior, and occipital-temporal (fusiform) gyri are associated with what? What would a lesion cause?

A

Visual memory and perception. Prosopagnosia - an inability to identify or recognize faces.

45
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus and uncut associated with? What happens if they have a lesion?

A

The medial surface of the temporal lobe has a special association with memory. Bilateral damage to these structures can lead to severe amnesia.

46
Q

What is the precentral gyrus associate with? What else is it called?

A

“Primary motor cortex” or area 4 of Brodman. It is a major source of axons that extend to the spinal cord and other motor areas under voluntary control.

47
Q

What does damage to the precentral gyrus cause?

A

Weakness (paresis) and movement deficits on the opposite side of the body. Remember the homunculus when thinking of what will be damaged.

48
Q

What is the superior and middle frontal gyri associated with? What would a lesion here cause?

A

Secondary motor and premotor areas with voluntary movement. They also fontal frontal eye field which move the eyes (look right in left hemisphere: look at lesion). Damage could result in apraxia and if in the dominant hemisphere inability to write.

49
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus also called? What would a lesion here cause?

A

It is called Broca’s Area. If it is damaged patients lose the ability to generate fluent speech (although typically they can understand verbal or written commands).

50
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex associated with? What can damage to the area cause?

A

It makes up a person’s personality. Damage to the area can cause personality changes that may be subtle or profound. Additionally patients sometimes develop compulsive, repetitive behaviors.

51
Q

What interconnects the frontal lobes?

A

The genu of the corpus collosum.

52
Q

The parietal lobe and posterior parts of the frontal lobe are interconnected by what structure?

A

The body of the corpus collosum.

53
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Receptive or sensory aphasia. it involves an inability to understand language and to speak coherently.

54
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Expressive or motor aphasia. It is associated with an impaired ability to generate speech (or writing) and usually involves damage to Broca’s area.

U5 Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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