Functions/Examples 1 Flashcards
Archetype
The Hero: He or she is a character who predominantly exhibits goodness and struggles against evil in order to restore harmony and justice to society e.g. Beowulf, Hercules, D’artagnan from “The Three Musketeers” etc.
Ad Hominem
- Just look at this common example.
“How can you argue your case for vegetarianism when you are enjoying your steak?”
This clearly shows how a person is attacked instead of being addressed for or against his argument.
- A classic example of ad hominem fallacy is given below:
A: “All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn’t a murderer, and so can’t be a criminal.”
B: “Well, you’re a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument.”
- Another example of ad hominem fallacy is taken from Velonews: The Journal of Competitive Cycling. After an article about the retirement of Lance Armstrong, its webpage shared a post with its readers. A commenter posted a comment saying how great an athlete Armstrong was and that the people should be proud of his achievements.
Aphorism
Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old age regret. [Benjamin Disraeli]
Pride hath fall. [Proverb]
The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. [William Faulkner]
Life’s Tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late. [Benjamin Franklin]
Yesterday is but today’s memory, and tomorrow is today’s dream. [Khalil Gibran]
The simplest questions are the hardest to answer. [Northrop Frye]
A proverb is no proverb to you till life has illustrated it. [John Keats]
Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. [Rudyard Kipling]
Apostrophe
William Shakespeare makes use of an apostrophe in his play “Macbeth”:
“Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand?
Come, let me clutch thee!
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.”
Anthropomorphism
Example 1
But who runs like the rest past these arrives
At a cage where the crowd stands, stares, mesmerized,
As a child at a dream, at a dream, at a jaguar hurrying enraged
Through prison darkness after the drills of his eyes
On a short fierce fuse. Not in boredom-
The eye satisfied to be blind in fire,
By the bang of blood in the brain deaf the ear –
He spins from the bars, but there’s no cage to him
More than to the visionary his cell:
His stride is wildernesses of freedom:
The world rolls under the long thrust of his heel.
Over the cage floor the horizons come.
(The Jaguar by Ted Hughes)
This poem is based on a jaguar, a fierce animal. Hughes is showing the world to his readers through the eyes and thinking of a jaguar that is thinking like a human.
Antithesis
Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
Man proposes, God disposes.
Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit.
Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness.
You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.
Antimetabole
“Eat to live, not live to eat.”- Socrates
“I go where I please, and I please where I go.” – Attributed to Duke Nukem
“In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always finds you!” – Yakov Smirnoff
“If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.”
“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961.
“He who questions training only trains himself at asking questions.” The Sphinx, Mystery Men (1999)
“The great object of [Hamlet’s] life is defeated by continually resolving to do, yet doing nothing but resolve.” – Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Shakespeare’s Hamlet
“We do what we like and we like what we do.” – Andrew W.K., “Party Hard”
“We didn’t land on Plymouth Rock. Plymouth Rock landed on us.” Malcolm X, “Malcolm X”
“If you can’t be with the one you love, love the one you’re with.” –Billy Preston
“You stood up for America, now America must stand up for you.” Barack Obama – December 14, 2011.
Anadiplosis
From The Bible,
“……… you must make every effort to support your faith with goodness, and goodness with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with endurance, and endurance with godliness, and godliness with mutual affection, and mutual affection with love” ( The Bible, II Peter 1:5 – 7)
In this verse, one is able to see how all the mentioned qualities are connected to each other with the use of anadiplosis.
Anti-Hero
Character: Dexter Morgan
TV Show: Darkly Dreaming Dexter series by Jeff Lindsay
Dexter is one of the most celebrated anti-heroes of recent times. He is a blood spatter analyst for the Miami Police Department. He is a kind and loving father, friend and husband who has an anti-social personality that makes him murder criminals.
The idea of killing only the guilty people does not seem such a bad thing to do at first. Rather, to some extent, it sounds rational but it is not. Dexter did not become a serial killer to rid society of crime. He did so because he took pleasure in it while the social cleansing part came in as a spinoff. The show depicts that he is slowly moving towards redemption and that is what keeps the audience glued. This is a good case of a modern anti-hero.
Anachronism
“Ross: That now
Sweno, the Norways’ king, craves composition:
Nor would we deign him burial of his men
Till he disbursed at Saint Colme’s inch
Ten thousand dollars to our general use.”
The use of the word “dollar” in the above extract is clearly an example of an anachronism, as the dollar was not the monetary unit during the time that the play is set. Shakespeare’s lack of research caused him to mention an item out of its time.
Antecedent
David plays football in the courtyard. All the children have gathered there.
My uncle likes candies. He requests everyone to give him candies as gift.
When children are happy, they clap to express their pleasure.
The leaves have turned yellow; even then they are on the tree.
The bird ate the fish quickly and immediately it died.
A good story must a quality about it; it must have characters, setting, narration and dialogues.
Anecdote
Excerpt from “Death in the Arctic” by Robert W. Service
What is that? Bells, dogs again! Is it a dream? I sob and cry. See! The door opens, fur-clad men Rush to my rescue; frail am I; Feeble and dying, dazed and glad. There is the pistol where it dropped. “Boys, it was hard — but I’m not mad. . . . Look at the clock — it stopped, it stopped. Carry me out. The heavens smile. See! There’s an arch of gold above. Now, let me rest a little while — Looking to God and Love . . .and Love . . .”.
In this poem, the speaker is freezing slowly in the Arctic. He recollects the memories of his life and tells the whole story to the readers, but sees flashes of his life before he dies. In fact, he is using anecdotes to tell his life story.
Anaphora
“Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better”
“My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration.”
“Buying nappies for the baby, feeding the baby, playing with the baby: This is what your life is when you have a baby.
“I want my money right now, right here, all right?”
Anapest
The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.
Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green,
That host with their banners at sunset were seen:
Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown,….
For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast…
And their hearts but once heaved, and forever grew still!
Anagram
Mother-in-law = Hitler woman Debit card = Bad credit Dormitory = Dirty Room The earthquakes = The queer shakes Astronomer = Moon starrer Punishments = Nine Thumps School master = The classroom
