Functions, classifications, and anatomy

Question 1

Red bone marrow

Answer 1

Tissue that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Found in: fetal bones, pelvic bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and ends of humerus and femur. as age increases marrow changes from red to yellow.

Question 2

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 2

Consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides, (these serve as reserves for potential chemical energy).

Question 3

Calcification

Answer 3

process where calcium builds up in causing the tissue to harden. initiated by osteoblasts.

Question 4

Osteocytes

Answer 4

mature bone cells, main cells in bone tissue. Do not undergo cell division. maintains its daily metabolism such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes within the blood.

Question 5

Osteoblasts

Answer 5

bone-building cells.they synthesize and secret collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extra-cellular matrix. when they become surrounded in the extracellular matrix they become trapped and turn into osteocytes.

Question 6

Osteoclasts

Answer 6

huge cells made from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of blood cells). these cells breakdown and “reabsorb.” osteoclasts help regulate blood calcium level.

Question 7

Spongy Bone

Answer 7

trabecular/cancellous bone tissue, located on the interior part of the bone, protected by a covering of compact bone. consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular of thin columns called trabeculae.

Question 8

Compact bone

Answer 8

contains and is the strongest form of bone tissue. found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of diaphysis of long bones. composed of repeating structural units called osteons, or Haversian systems. each osteon consists of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal or Haversian canal.

Question 9

Diaphysis

Answer 9

the bone’s shaft or body.

Question 10

Epiphysis

Answer 10

ends of bone, proximal and distal.

Question 11

Metaphyses

Answer 11

regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses, in a growing bone each metaphyses contains an epiphyseal plate , a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length. when you reach age when you’re done growing the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone.

Question 12

Articular Cartilage

Answer 12

thing layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints. lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage limited.

Question 13

Periosteum

Answer 13

a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. the periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.

Question 14

Medullary cavity

Answer 14

hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

Question 15

endosteum

Answer 15

is a thin membrane that lines medullary cavity. it contains a single layer of bone-forming and a small amount of connective tissue.

Question 16

Flat bones

Answer 16

generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue.

Question 17

Long bones

Answer 17

greater length than width, consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities or epiphyses, and are slightly strength.

Question 18

Irregular bones

Answer 18

have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories. they vary in amount of spongy and compact bone present. such bones include the vertebrae (backbones), hip bones, certain facial bones, the calcaneus.

Question 19

Lacunae

Answer 19

small cavities or depressions that house bone cells in compact bone and cartilage. found in compact bone and cartilage.

Question 20

Canaliculi

Answer 20

radiating in all directions from the lacunae, which are small channels filled with extracellular fluid. inside the canaliclui are slender fingerlike processes which contain osteocytes.

Question 21

Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 21

unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from almost all connective tissues are formed. only bone cells that undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts. found in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within the bone that contains blood vessels.