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Functions / characteristics of blood Flashcards

1
Q

describe the functions of blood

A

Transport, defense against disease, prevents blood loss, redistributes heat , buffers ph

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2
Q

describe the matrix and cellular components of blood:

A

Connective tissue composed of formed elements suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called PLASMA.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories of blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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4
Q

on average, blood is what percent of body mass

A

8%

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5
Q

What is the average blood volume

A

5 liters

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6
Q

on average, blood is what percent of body mass

A

8%

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7
Q

what is viscosity

A

Thickness of a fluid

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8
Q

describe the effect of plasma proteins on viscosity:

A

Decrease plasma proteins = decrease viscosity
Increase plasma protein = dehydration

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9
Q

define hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that consist of erythrocytes(red blood cells)

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10
Q

what is the average Hct?

A

45%

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11
Q

What percent of blood volume is plasma

A

55%

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12
Q

describe how hematocrit is measured

A

Centrifuge

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13
Q

describe plasma composition

A

90% or more water; make up about 6-9% of total plasma volume

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14
Q

list the main plasma proteins

A

Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, gamma globulins, clotting proteins

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15
Q

Function of albumin

A

Maintains osmotic pressure and makes up 50% of all plasma proteins

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16
Q

Function of alpha and beta globulins

A

responsible for transporting hydrophobic molecules such as steroids

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17
Q

Functions of gamma globulins

A

The antibodies involved in immunity

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18
Q

Functions of clotting proteins

A

Form blood clots during coagulation

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19
Q

define hemopoiesis

A

Formation of formed elements

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20
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

describe the types of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow (active), yellow bone marrow(inactive)

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22
Q

Location of red bone marrow

A

In spongey bone of axial skeleton, coaxial bone, scapula, proximal edges of humerus and femur

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23
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

Mostly adipose tissue; if needed can be converted into red bone marrow

24
Q

describe the histology of bone marrow tissue:

A

Reticular tissue includes multi potent blood stem cells and immature blood cells in various stages of development
sinusoids run through tissue

25
what are HSCs
Hematopoietic Stem cells
26
Where are HSCs found
Red bone marrow
27
What is the function of HSC
Divides by mitosis
28
list the main stem cell lineages
Lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
29
What cells do lymphoid cells produce
Only lymphocytes
30
What cells do myeloid cells produce
erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
31
what happens during erythropoiesis
production of erythrocytes; takes 5-7 days; starts with myeloid stem cell and ends with mature erythrocyte
32
how is erythropoiesis controlled
Low RBC > hypoxia > kidneys secretes EPO> bone marrow ^ rate of mitosis + ^ rate of maturation = ^ RBC formation > ^ blood O2> negative feedback > kidneys secret more EPO
33
define anemia
Decrease ability of blood to carry oxygen
34
what general problems cause anemia?
Decreased hemoglobin; decreased hematocrit; abnormal hemoglobin
35
iron deficiency Anemia
insufficient dietary intake or reduced intestinal absorption
36
hemorrhagic
Rapid or slow bleeding; caused by slow and chronic blood loss that can occur when there are ulcers in digestive track
37
pernicious
Inability of the stomach to make intrinsic factor
38
hemolytic
formation of erythrocytes is normal but they are destroyed sooner than they should be; can be caused by viral and bacterial infections and parasites
39
aplastic
bone marrow stem cells are destroyed by exposure to radiation, toxic chemicals or chemotherapy drugs
40
sickle cell
Inherits a defective gene for one of the peptides in hemoglobin; people with sickle cell anemia make HBS
41
renal
kidneys cannot make enough erythropoietin; caused by trauma, cancer, or kidney disease
42
define polycythemia
too many erythrocytes
43
what causes primary polycythemia
Slow growing cancer of the bone marrow; causes over production of erythrocytes
44
what causes secondary polycythemia
high altitude, having chronic lung disease, hypersecretion of erythropoietin from the kidneys, injections of erythropoietin
45
physiological effects of polycythemia
high hematocrit; causes increase blood viscosity, increased peripheral resistance, increase mean arterial pressure
46
what is the general function of leukocytes
Defend the body against pathogens, destroy cancer cells, and remove dead and injured cells
47
which leukocytes are granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
48
which leukocytes are agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
49
what is the function of platelets?
Involved in hemostasis and tissue repair
50
what is a platelet’s lifespan and how are old ones removed from blood
10 days; removed from circulation by liver and spleen
51
describe thrombocytopenia
Thrombocyte count is low and bleeding cannot be stopped as quickly
52
describe the structure of platelets
Cell fragments consisting of plasma membrane surrounding granules of chemical plus contractile proteins actin and myosin
53
where are platelets stored
many stored in the spleen and the rest are in the circulating blood
54
define hemostasis and list the three mechanisms:
-vascular spasm -platelet aggregation -coagulation
55
what is the goal of vascular spasm?
Reduces blood flow therefore reduces blood loss in damaged vessel
56
what is the function of platelet aggregation
To seal small breaks in blood vessels walls; The platelets form a path that reduces or stops blood loss
57
what two events initiate platelet aggregation
Vascular disease or trauma

Chp 17 (3 decks)

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