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Chp 17 > Functions / characteristics of blood > Flashcards

Functions / characteristics of blood Flashcards

1
Q

describe the functions of blood

A

Transport, defense against disease, prevents blood loss, redistributes heat , buffers ph

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2
Q

describe the matrix and cellular components of blood:

A

Connective tissue composed of formed elements suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called PLASMA.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories of blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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4
Q

on average, blood is what percent of body mass

A

8%

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5
Q

What is the average blood volume

A

5 liters

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6
Q

on average, blood is what percent of body mass

A

8%

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7
Q

what is viscosity

A

Thickness of a fluid

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8
Q

describe the effect of plasma proteins on viscosity:

A

Decrease plasma proteins = decrease viscosity
Increase plasma protein = dehydration

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9
Q

define hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that consist of erythrocytes(red blood cells)

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10
Q

what is the average Hct?

A

45%

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11
Q

What percent of blood volume is plasma

A

55%

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12
Q

describe how hematocrit is measured

A

Centrifuge

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13
Q

describe plasma composition

A

90% or more water; make up about 6-9% of total plasma volume

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14
Q

list the main plasma proteins

A

Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, gamma globulins, clotting proteins

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15
Q

Function of albumin

A

Maintains osmotic pressure and makes up 50% of all plasma proteins

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16
Q

Function of alpha and beta globulins

A

responsible for transporting hydrophobic molecules such as steroids

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17
Q

Functions of gamma globulins

A

The antibodies involved in immunity

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18
Q

Functions of clotting proteins

A

Form blood clots during coagulation

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19
Q

define hemopoiesis

A

Formation of formed elements

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20
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

describe the types of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow (active), yellow bone marrow(inactive)

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22
Q

Location of red bone marrow

A

In spongey bone of axial skeleton, coaxial bone, scapula, proximal edges of humerus and femur

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23
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

Mostly adipose tissue; if needed can be converted into red bone marrow

24
Q

describe the histology of bone marrow tissue:

A

Reticular tissue includes multi potent blood stem cells and immature blood cells in various stages of development
sinusoids run through tissue

25
Q

what are HSCs

A

Hematopoietic Stem cells

26
Q

Where are HSCs found

A

Red bone marrow

27
Q

What is the function of HSC

A

Divides by mitosis

28
Q

list the main stem cell lineages

A

Lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

29
Q

What cells do lymphoid cells produce

A

Only lymphocytes

30
Q

What cells do myeloid cells produce

A

erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

31
Q

what happens during erythropoiesis

A

production of erythrocytes; takes 5-7 days; starts with myeloid stem cell and ends with mature erythrocyte

32
Q

how is erythropoiesis controlled

A

Low RBC > hypoxia > kidneys secretes EPO> bone marrow ^ rate of mitosis + ^ rate of maturation = ^ RBC formation > ^ blood O2> negative feedback > kidneys secret more EPO

33
Q

define anemia

A

Decrease ability of blood to carry oxygen

34
Q

what general problems cause anemia?

A

Decreased hemoglobin; decreased hematocrit; abnormal hemoglobin

35
Q

iron deficiency Anemia

A

insufficient dietary intake or reduced intestinal absorption

36
Q

hemorrhagic

A

Rapid or slow bleeding; caused by slow and chronic blood loss that can occur when there are ulcers in digestive track

37
Q

pernicious

A

Inability of the stomach to make intrinsic factor

38
Q

hemolytic

A

formation of erythrocytes is normal but they are destroyed sooner than they should be; can be caused by viral and bacterial infections and parasites

39
Q

aplastic

A

bone marrow stem cells are destroyed by exposure to radiation, toxic chemicals or chemotherapy drugs

40
Q

sickle cell

A

Inherits a defective gene for one of the peptides in hemoglobin; people with sickle cell anemia make HBS

41
Q

renal

A

kidneys cannot make enough erythropoietin; caused by trauma, cancer, or kidney disease

42
Q

define polycythemia

A

too many erythrocytes

43
Q

what causes primary polycythemia

A

Slow growing cancer of the bone marrow; causes over production of erythrocytes

44
Q

what causes secondary polycythemia

A

high altitude, having chronic lung disease, hypersecretion of erythropoietin from the kidneys, injections of erythropoietin

45
Q

physiological effects of polycythemia

A

high hematocrit; causes increase blood viscosity, increased peripheral resistance, increase mean arterial pressure

46
Q

what is the general function of leukocytes

A

Defend the body against pathogens, destroy cancer cells, and remove dead and injured cells

47
Q

which leukocytes are granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

48
Q

which leukocytes are agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

49
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

Involved in hemostasis and tissue repair

50
Q

what is a platelet’s lifespan and how are old ones removed from blood

A

10 days; removed from circulation by liver and spleen

51
Q

describe thrombocytopenia

A

Thrombocyte count is low and bleeding cannot be stopped as quickly

52
Q

describe the structure of platelets

A

Cell fragments consisting of plasma membrane surrounding granules of chemical plus contractile proteins actin and myosin

53
Q

where are platelets stored

A

many stored in the spleen and the rest are in the circulating blood

54
Q

define hemostasis and list the three mechanisms:

A

-vascular spasm
-platelet aggregation
-coagulation

55
Q

what is the goal of vascular spasm?

A

Reduces blood flow therefore reduces blood loss in damaged vessel

56
Q

what is the function of platelet aggregation

A

To seal small breaks in blood vessels walls; The platelets form a path that reduces or stops blood loss

57
Q

what two events initiate platelet aggregation

A

Vascular disease or trauma

Chp 17 (3 decks)

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