Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
Perception
Conscious awareness of sensation
Primary Somatosensory Area
Areas 1, 2, and 3
Directly posterior to central sulcus (postcentral gyrus)
Receives impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, proprioception.
Each area receives impulses from a specific part of the body.
Size of a sensory or motor area depends on …
The number of receptors, not the size of the anatomical region
Primary visual area
Area 17
Posterior tip of occipital lobe
Primary auditory area
Area 41, 42
Superior temporal lobe
Primary gustatory area
Area 43
Base of post central gyrus
Primary olfactory area
Area 28
Medial temporal lobe
Primary motor area
Area 4
Precentral gyrus
Voluntary movement
Bigger areas for muscles involved in skilled, complex and delicate movement
Agnosia
Inability to process sensory input
Sensory association areas
Usually adjacent to primary sensory areas
Receives input primary sensory and other brain areas
Integrates sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.
Association areas
Involved in complex integrative functions (memory, emotions, reasoning, judgement, etc.)
Broca’s speech area
Areas 44 and 45
Frontal lobe, close to lateral cerebral sulcus (Usually –97% – in left hemisphere)
Speech production
From here, impulses got to sections of premotor cortex that control speech muscles, and to primary motor cortex.
Somatosensory Association area
Areas 5, 7
Receives info from primary somatosensory area, thalamus and other areas
Posterior to primary somatosensory area
Lets you determine the exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it
Visual Association Areas
Areas 18 and 19
Receives sensory impulses from primary visual area and thalamus
Occipital lobe
Relates present and past visual experiences
Essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen
Facial Recognition area
Areas 20, 21, 37
Receives impulses from the visual association area
Inferior temporal lobe
RIGHT hemisphere
Auditory association area
Area 22
Recognizes sound as speech, music, or noise
Orbitofrontal cortex
Area 11
Olfactory association area
Receives input from primary olfactory area
Allows identification and discrimination of odours
More dominant on Right
Wernike’s Area
Area 22, 39, 40
Posterior Language Area
Language interpretation
Broad region in LEFT temporal and parietal lobes
Regions in right hemisphere corresponding to Broca and Wernike’s areas
Add emotional content to linguage
Common Integrative Area
Areas 5, 7, 39, 40
Bordered by somatosensory, visual and auditory association areas.
Receives and integrates impulses from association areas and primary gustatory and olfactory areas, thalamus and brain stem.
Transmits integrated signal to other parts of the brain for response
Prefrontal Cortex
Areas 9, 10, 11, 12
Connects with other areas of the cerebral cortex.
Personality, intellect, complex learning, recall, initiative, executive function
Premotor area
Area 6
Communicates with primary motor cortex, sensory association areas, basal nuclei and thalamus
Learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature
Frontal eye field area
Area 8
Voluntary scanning of eye
Nonfluent aphasia
Damage to Broca’s (44,45)
Inability to produce language
Wants to speak but can’t
Fluent aphasia
Damage to Wernicke’s (22, 29, 40), common integrative (5,7,39,40) and/or auditory association (22) areas.
Inability to understand language (word deafness, word blindness)
Word salad is a symptom of
Fluent aphasia
Left hemisphere
Language
Reasoning
Numerical skills
Wernicke’s
Broca’s
Right hemisphere
Visual and spatial skills Mental images of sensation Music and art Odour recognition Emotional content of language Facial recognition
Orbitifrontal cortex
Facial recognition
Beta waves
14-30 Hz
When nervous system active
Alpha waves
8-13 Hz
Resting but awake, eyes closed
Disappears during sleep
Theta waves
4-7 Hz
Emotional stress, pathologies.
Delta waves
1-5 Hz
Sleep in adults
Infants when awake
If in adults when awake, indicates pathologies
