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Neuro 500 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the cell bodies of sensory nerves are found:

A

In ganglia outside brain

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2
Q

Cell bodies of motor nerves are found;

A

In nuclei in brain

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3
Q

Why do motor nerves contain some sensory neurons?

A

Receive signals from muscle spindles

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory Neve

Only CN that doesn’t synapse in thalamus (synapses at olfactory bulb).

Foramina: olfactory foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid.

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5
Q

Route of Olfactory nerve

A

olfactory epithelium
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory foramina
Olfactory bulbs
Olfactory tracts
Primary olfactory area (28), limbic system, hypothalamus
Common integrative (5,7,39,40) and orbitofrontal (2) areas

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6
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of sense of smell

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7
Q

Hyposmia

A

Reduced sense of smell

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8
Q

Hyperosmia

A

Increased sense of smell

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9
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve

Foramen: optic foramen (sphenoid)

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10
Q

Route of optic nerve

A

Retina (rods & cones, bipolar nerves, ganglion cells)
Optic nerves
Optic foramen
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculi
Primary visual area (17)

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11
Q

Three layers of retinal neurons.

A
  1. Photoreceptors (convert light to nerve impulses)
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells (axons become optic nerve)
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12
Q

Cones

A

Photoceptors
Stimulated in bright light
Colour, visual acuity
Concentrated in centre if retina

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13
Q

Rods

A

Allows us to see in dim light
No colour, low acuity

Concentrated in periphery.

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14
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

In thalamus

Relays visual impulse from retina to cerebral cortex.

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15
Q

Superior colliculi

A

In tectum of midbrain

Reflex centre responding to visual stimuli.

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16
Q

Anopia

A

Blindness due to deficit in or loss of one or both

Orbital fracture, pituitary tumour, aneurysm etc.

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17
Q

Medial rectus

A 
Moves eye towards nose
Occulomotor nerve (III)
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18
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Moves eye away from nose

Abducens nerve (VI)

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19
Q

Superior rectus

A

Moves eye up

Occulomotor (III)

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20
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Moves eye down

Occulomotor (III)

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21
Q

Superior oblique

A

Looks down and out (inferior and lateral)

Trochlear (IV)

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22
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Looks up and away

Occulomotor (III)

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23
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Occulomotor
Motor AND autonomic

Foramen: superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

Superior branch of occulomotor nerve (III)

A

Motor Nucleus in midbrain
Superior orbital fissure
Superior rectus (looks up) + levator palpebrae superioris (lifts eyelid)

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25
Q

Inferior branch of occulomotor nerve (III)

A

Motor Nucleus of midbrain
Superior orbital fissure
Medial rectus (looks to nose) + inferior rectus (looks down) + inferior oblique (looks up and away)

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26
Q

Autonomic branch of occulomotor (III)

A 
Motor nucleus in midbrain
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior branch 
Ciliary ganglion 
Ciliary and circular muscles of the iris

Parasympathetic
Adjusts lens for near vision (accommodation) or to constrict (not dialate) in response to light.

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27
Q

Numbers of cranial nerves indicate;

A

Order (anterior to posterior) that nerves arise from the brain.

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28
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing shape of lens to focus on nearby (

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29
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear nerve

Smallest cranial nerve
Only cranial nerve that arises from posterior aspect of brain stem.

Superior oblique muscle of the eye (looks down and out)

Foramen: superior orbital fissure

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30
Q

Path of trochlear nerve

A

Trochlear nucleus in midbrain
Superior orbital fissure
Superior oblique muscle

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31
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens nerve

Lateral rectus muscle (abducts eye)

Foramen: superior orbital fissure

32
Q

Route of abducens nerve

A

Abducens nucleus in pons
Superior orbital fissure
Lateral rectus muscle

33
Q

Damage to occulomotor nerve

A 
Strabismus (lazy eye)
Ptosis (drooping eye)
Dilation of pupil
Down & out movement of eyeball
Loss of accommodation
Diplopia (double vision)
34
Q

Damage to trochlear nerve

A

Strabismus (lazy eye)

Diplopia (double vision)

35
Q

Damage to abducens

A

Affected eyeball can’t move laterally beyond midpoint (eyeball usually directed medially)
Strabismus (lazy eye)
Diploplia (double vision)

36
Q

Circular muscle

A

Constricts pupil (doesn’t dilate)

PNS

Occulomotor (III)

37
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Accommodation of lens

PNS

Occulomotor (III)

38
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve

Largest cranial nerve
Mixed

Three branches

  1. Opthamalmic nerve
  2. Maxillary nerve
  3. Mandibular nerve.
39
Q

Opthalmic Nerve

A

Superior branch of trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

Sensory

Sensory nerves from around eye, nose
–> superior orbital fissure –> opthalmic nerve –> trigeminal ganglion –> pons nuclei

40
Q

Maxillary nerve

A

Middle branch of Trigeminal Nerve (CN 5)

Sensory nerves from mucosa of nose, palate, part of pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, lower eyelid
—> foramen rotundum –> maxillary nerve –> trigeminal ganglion –> pons nuclei

41
Q

Mandibular nerve

A

Inferior branch of trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Afferent and efferent

Sensory: anterior tongue (not taste), cheek, skin over mandible, side of head anterior to ear, mucosa of cheek and roof of mouth
–> foramen ovale –> mandibular nerve –> trigeminal ganglion –> pons nuclei

Motor:
From mandibular nerve to muscles of mastication, tensor veil palontini muscle and tensor tympani.

42
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Sharp, cutting or tearing pain
Transient
Paralysis of muscles of mastication, reduced sensation in lower face.
Unilateral, along nerve distribution(s)

Caused: compression, herpes zoster, vascular lesions, low B12, MS …

May be triggered by manual stimulation

Theory: hyperexcitable demyelinated fibres

43
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve
Motor, sensory and autonomic

Foramen: stylomastoid foramen (temporal bone)

44
Q

Sensory pathway of Facial nerve

A 
Taste buds on anterior 2/3 tongue, sensory receptors from skin in ear canal
Stylomastoid foramen
Geniculate ganglion
Pons 
Thalamus
Gustatory Area (43)
45
Q

Geniculate ganglion

A

Cluster of sensory cell bodies of facial nerve

In temporal bone.

46
Q

Motor pathway of facial nerve

A

Nucleus in pons
Stylomastoid foramen
Muscles of facial expression, scalp, middle ear, neck (stylohyoid, posterior digastric, stapedius)

47
Q

Autonomic pathway of facial nerve

A

Superior salivatory nucleus (pontine tegmentum)

Geniculate ganglion

Pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands
OR
Submandibular ganglion to submandibular and sublingual glands

48
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles due to lesion of facial nerve.

Idiopathic. Bacterial, viral infection; compression; parotid issues.

Same side as lesion

Unilateral weakness followed by flaccid paralysis of muscles of facial expression

Decreased salivation, uncontrolled lacrimation, can’t taste anterior 2/3 tongue, hypersensitive hearing

49
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibularcochlear.

Sensory

Nucleus in pons and medulla
Foramen: auditory meatus

2 branches:

  1. Vestibular
  2. Cochlear
50
Q

Vestibular branch of vestibule cochlear nerve

A

(Balance, equilibrium)

Semicircular canals, saccule, utricle of inner ear

Vestibular ganglion

Vestibular nuclei

51
Q

Cochlear branch of vestibulococclear nerve

A

(Hearing)

Spiral organ (organ or Corti)

Spiral ganglion

Medulla

Thalamus (medial geniculate)

Primary auditory area

52
Q

Injuries to vestibular branch

A

Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus

53
Q

Injuries to cochlear branch

A

Tinnitus

Deafness

54
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Sensory. Motor. Autonomic.

Jugular foramen

55
Q

Sensory pathway of glossooharyngeal nerve

A

Taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue, proprioceptors from swallowing muscles, bar preceptors, chemoreceptors

Superior and inferior ganglia

Jugular foramen

Medulla

56
Q

Motor pathway of glossooharyngeal nerve

A

Nuclei in medulla

Jugular foramen

Stylopharyngeal muscle (elevates pharynx and larynx, helps with swallowing)

57
Q

Autonomic pathway of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Inferior salivary nucleus in medulla

Otic ganglion

Parotid gland

58
Q

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia

A

Similar to trigeminal neuralgia (post pharynx, tonsils, back of tongue, middle ear)

Pain along nerve path

More common in men

Spontaneous, or triggered by movement

59
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus
Sensory motor autonomic

80-90% of PNS function

60
Q

Sensory pathway of vagus nerve

A

Skin of external ear, taste buds in epiglottis and pharynx, proprioceptors in muscles of neck and throat, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and
Mostly visceral sensory receptors

Superior and inferior ganglia

Jugular foramen

Medulla

61
Q

Motor pathway of vagus nerve

A

Medulla

Jugular foramen

Pharynx, larynx, soft palate (swallowing, vocalization, coughing)

62
Q

Autonomic pathway of vagus nerve

A

Medulla to:

Lungs
Heart
GI glands
Smooth muscles of respiratory pathway
Esophagus
Stomach
Gallbladder 
Small intestine.
63
Q

Injury to vagus nerve

A

Vagal paralysis
Dysphagia
Tachycardia

64
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory nerve
Motor

Anterior grey horn C1-5
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
SCM & Trapezius, pharynx and larynx

65
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor

Hypoglossal nucleus
Hypoglossal canal
Muscles of tongue

66
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with taste?

A

Facial nerve (VII) anterior 2/3 tongue
Glossopharyngeal (IX) posterior 1/3 tongue
Vagus (X) tastebuds in epiglottis, pharynx

67
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with salivation?

A

Facial (VII) submandibular, sublingual (superior salivatory nucleus)

Glossopharyngeal (IX) parotid gland (inferior salivatory nucleus)

68
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with the mechanics of chewing/swallowing?

A 
Hypoglossal (XII) tongue movement 
Vagus (X): Pharynx/Larynx/Soft palate 
Trigeminal (V): chewing
Glossopharyngeal(IX): Lift pharynx/larynx
Facial (VII): elevate hyoid
69
Q

When does the nervous system develop

A

Around the 3rd week of gestation

70
Q

Neural plate

A

In utero

Thickening of ectoderm.
Folds inward and becomes neural groove, flanked by neural folds

Groove deepens, folds meet, now a cylinder called the Neural Tube

71
Q

Neural Crest

A 
Mass of tissue between neural tube and skin ectoderm
Differentiates and eventually forms:
Posterior (dorsal) root ganglia of spinal nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia of cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
Ganglia of ANS
Adrenal medulla
Meninges.
72
Q

Neural tube eventually forms

A

CNS

73
Q

What happens to the wall that encloses the neural tube:

A

Marginal (outer) layer: white matter of nervous system
Mantle (middle) layer: grey matter of nervous system
Ependymal (inner) layer: lining of central canal and ventricles

74
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhomencephalon

75
Q

Development of Prosencephalon

A

–> telencephalon –> cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles

–> diencephalon –> thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, third ventricle

76
Q

Development of Mesencephalon

A

–> midbrain and midbrain aquaduct

77
Q

Development of Rhombencephalon

A

–> metencephalon –> pons, cerebellum, top 1/2 of fourth ventricle

–> myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata, bottom 1/2 of fourth ventricle

Neuro 500 (3 decks)

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