Functional Information Flow

Question 1

What are the types of information transmitted

Answer 1

Somatic and Autonomic

Question 2

What are the functions of Somatic and Autonomic

Answer 2

Somatic - The stuff we are aware of and have control over

Autonomic - The stuff we are not aware of have no control over eg the control of cardiac muscle to regulate your heart beat.

Question 3

What are the functions of the Upper and Lower Motor

Answer 3

Upper:
- Cell body in brain
- Axon in spinal cord

Lower:
- Cell body in spinal cord
- Axon in spinal nerve

Question 4

Somatic Efferent: anatomical organisation

Answer 4

UPN - Cell body in brain, Axon in spinal cord, Axon is myelinated

LMN - Cell body in spinal cord, axon in spinal nerve, Axon is myelinated

Question 5

Somatic Efferent: communication with effector cells

Answer 5

CNS = UMN (Brain and Spinal cord) synapsing to PNS = LMN (Spinal cord)

Neurotransmitter synapsed which is called Acetylcholine (AcH)

Question 6

Summary of Somatic Efferent:

Answer 6

1. Voluntary movement
2. Two neurons between brain and effector (upper and lower)
3. Axons are myelinated
4. Neurotransmitter = Ach
5. Effector = Skeletal muscle

Question 7

Autonomic Efferent

Answer 7

1. Involuntary control
2. Two divisions - sympathetic and parasympathetic
3. Effectors = smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose and fat.
4. 3 neurons between brain and effector

Question 8

Autonomic NS features - Neuron 2

Answer 8

1. Cell Body in CNS
2. Axon extends in PNS
3. Myelinated
4. Synapse in Autonomic Ganglion
5. Preganglionic neuron

Question 9

Autonomic NS Features - Neuron 3

Answer 9

1. Cell body in PNS. Autonomic ganglion
2. Axon extends in PNS to effector organ
3. Unmyelinated
4. Synapse on effector organ
5. Postganglionic neuron

Question 10

What are the synaptic neurotransmitters for Neuron 2 and 3?

Answer 10

2 = Acetylcholine (ach)

3= Acetylcholine or Norepinehrine

Question 11

What are the divisions on the Autonomic System?

Answer 11

Sympathetic - “Fight or flight”

Parasympathetic - “Rest and Digest”

Question 12

Structure of Sympathetic Nervous System:

Answer 12

1. Preganglionic (neuron 2) is a short Axon
2. Sympathetic ganglion close to CNS
3. Postganglionic (neuron 3) is long axon

Question 13

Structure of Parasympathetic Nervous System:

Answer 13

1. Preganglionic (neuron 2) is a long axon
2. Parasympathetic ganglion is distant from CNS.
3. Postganglionic (neuron 3) is a short axon

Question 14

Sympathetic NS - Exit from CNS and position ganglia:

Answer 14

PRE: Cell bodies in thoracolumbar levels of the spinal cord, axons are short, axon terminals synapse in sympathetic ganglion

POST: cell body in sympathetic ganglion, axon is long

Question 15

Sympathetic chain ganglia:

Answer 15

1. Either side of vertebral column
2. 21-23 pairs
3. place where preganglionic axons synapse then onto postganglionic input zone

Question 16

Parasympathetic Preganglionic neuron - Exit from CNS and position of ganglia

Answer 16

1. cell bodies in cranial brainstem and spinal cord levels
2. axon is long
3. axon terminals synapse in parasympathetic ganglia

Question 17

Parasympathetic Postganglionic neuron - Exit from CNS and position of ganglia

Answer 17

1. cell body in arasympathetic ganglia in or near effector
2. axon is short