Functional Groups + Isomers Flashcards
What is hybridization
Mixing of orbitals to create new ones
1. sp3
2. sp2
What is sp3 hybridization and why does it happen
- One s orbital and three p orbitals hybridize to form four sp³ orbitals
- Happens when an atom is surrounded by four groups of e- and single bonds ALKANES
What is sp2 hybridization and why does it happen
- In sp2 orbitals only two of the p orbitals are hybridised, leaving one p orbital unaltered
- So one p orbital remains with one e-
- Takes place in carbon compounds containing double bonds ALKENES
Why do longer chains have higher boiling points
Because longer chains have more van der waals forces
What type of bond do saturated fats have
Only single bonds
Unsaturated fats have double bonds
How to create and name esters
Carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + water
Condensation reaction
Name: first word comes from alcohol, second from c.acid (ethyl propanoate)
What is an example of an ester bond
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids —> triglyceride + 3 water
3 ester bonds
What are the types amines
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What is the difference between amines and amides
Amines just have N but amides have N and C double bond O next to each other
How to make amides
Amine group and carboxyl group from 2 amino acids join creating water and a peptide bond
What is the purpose of phosphates and sulphydryls
- Phosphates create phosphodiester bonds with carbon in pentose sugar backbone in DNA
- Sulphydryls make disulphide bridges in amino acid chains creating the primary structure of a protein
What is are isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but have different 3D structure
How can isomers differ
- Functional groups
- Carbon skeletons
- Different shapes
What are the different types of isomers
- Constitutional (structural) isomers
- Stereoisomers:
- geometric (cis/trans) isomers
- enantiomers (optical isomers)
Properties of enantiomers
- Has a chiral carbon
- Not superimposable
- A mixture containing both enantiomers is called a racemic mixture
What is a chiral carbon
- A carbon that has four different groups attached to it
- All enantiomers have a chiral carbon
How to identify if a mixture is racemic
Shine plane-polarised light
