Functional Groups Flashcards
Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of a certain arrangement of atomes called
Functional group
Organic compounds are classified into:
- aliphatic
- aromatic
Contains only C-C single binds besides the C-H bonds
Alkanes and cycloalkanes
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
(Substituents) + root +-ane
Alkanes are in the liquid state due to
Van der waap’s attractive force
It decreases the surface are of alkanes
Branching
Decrease surface area of alkanes results to
Lesser van der waal’s
Alkanes are insoluble in
Water
Alkanes do not react with bases nor with acids because
- it has no H atom attached to an EN atom like O2
- does not have an electron pair for donation
Contain at least one C-C double bond
Alkenes
IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes
(substituents) +root +-ene
Alkenes possessing larger dipole moments have ________ BP than the power on zero dipole moment isomer
Relatively higher boiling point
Alkenes are soluble in
Nonpolar solvents
Alkenes are insoluble in
Polar solvents
The reactions of alkenes are mainly centered on the pi bind which is a site of high electron density. They are considered as:
Nucleophiles (seeking a positively-charged center, symbolized as Nu-)
The attacking reagents of alkenes are considered as
Electrophiles ( seeking negatively charged center, symbolized as E+)
One of most common reactions af alkenes
Catalytic hydrogenation
States that the hydrogen of an attacking E+ will add to the alkene carbon containing the greater number of H substituents
Markovnikov’s rule
It contain at least one C-C triple bond
Alkynes
IUPAC Nomenclature of alkynes
(substituents) +root +-yne
Cyclic conjugated hydrocarbons which are specially stabilized and react by substitution instead of addition
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hückel’s rule
- planar
- conjugated
- monocyclic
- 4n+2 n=0,1,2,3
Position of substituents of aromatic hydrocarbons relative to the parent functional group are indicated by prefix _________ for adjacent C atoms on the ring
Ortho
Position of substituents of aromatic hydrocarbons relative to the parent functional group are indicated by prefix ________ for groups separated by one C atom
Meta
Position of substituents of aromatic hydrocarbons relative to the parent functional group are indicated by prefix _________ for groups on C atoms directly opposite each other
Para
Halogenated derivatives of alkanes
Alkyl halides
General formula of alkyl halied
CnH2n+1X
Alkyl halides are usually prepared by
Halogenation of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Alkyl halides have _____ boiling point than alkanes
Higher
Alkyl halides have higher BP than alkanes due to
Larger molecular weight
Stringer dipole-dipole interactions
Hydrocarbon compounds with atleast ine of its hydrogens replaced by a hydroxyl group, and phenyl rings with a hydroxyl substituent
Alcohols and phenols