Functional Groups

Question 1

Functional Group: Hydroxil

Answer 1

Hydroxils define the Alcohol, Phenol and Enol categories

The Hydroxil functional group takes the form of an OH (Hydroxil) bonded to a saturated carbon

The nomenclature for Hydroxil compounds is the suffix
“-OL”

Question 1

Functional Group: Carbonyl

Answer 1

Carbonyl (=O) defines two categories: Ketones and Aldehydes. Aldehydes have a carbonly attached to a carbon with only one other carbon bond or no other carbon bonds. Ketones have a carbonyl attached to a carbon with two carbon bonds.

Aldehydes have the suffix (-AL)
Ketones have the suffix (-ONE)

Question 2

What is an Aromatic ring?

Answer 2

An aromatic ring is a closed chain (cyclo) where all the carbons are SP2 (Planar), the number of pi bonds is odd and all chain carbons participate in a pi bond

Question 3

What is a Benzene structure?

Answer 3

3-Pi bond containing hexagonal aromatic ring.

It defines two other groups: Phenyl and Benzyl.

Phenyls are Benzenes directly attached to another functional group or carbon chain

Benzyls are Benzenes attached to another functional group or carbon chain through a methyl branch

Question 4

Functional group: Carboxyl

Answer 4

Carboxyl is formed by the attachment of a Hydroxil (-OH) and a Carbonyl (=O) to the same carbon.

Carboxyls define the Carboxylic Acid category.

Nomenclature: -oic acid
Ácido _____oico

Question 5

Functional group: Nitro

Answer 5

Nitro (-NO2)

Defines nitrocompound category. Prefix (NITRO)

Question 6

Functional group: Amine

Answer 6

Amines (NHn) are all derived from Ammonia (NH3) and classified in accordance to the amount of hydrogens remaining. (2 hydrogens = primary, 1 hydrogen = secondary, 0 hydrogens = tertiary)

Question 7

Functional Group: Amino acids

Answer 7

Amino acids are made of a Carboxyl group and Amine that share the same carbon. This central carbon is named Alpha carbon. (Note, the carbon attached directly to the carbonyl and hydroxil is a part of the Carboxyl group and not the alpha carbon)

Question 8

Functional group: Amide

Answer 8

Amides are created by the bonding of two aminoacids. One aminoacid is dehydrated utilizing the hydrogen from the other’s amine. This then creates a bond between carbon and nitrogen, while the carbon retains a carbonyl group.

O=C-N

Question 9

Functional group: Nitrile/Cyano

Answer 9

(R-C≡N)

Suffix (Nitrile)

Question 10

Functional group: Ether

Answer 10

(R-O-R’)

Ether is the functional group that forms when the Hydrogen in a Hydroxil is replaced by a carbon chain.

The nomenclature for ether is “OXY” (suffix) for open chain Ethers and “Oxide” at the end of the name for closed chain ethers

Question 11

Functional group: Éster

Answer 11

the Éster functional group is composed of a Carboxyl (O=C-OH) where the hydrogen in the hydroxil is replaced by a carbon chain (O=C-O-R’)

Nomenclatura: Hidrocarboneto principal + “Oato” de substitutente + “ila”

Question 12

Functional group: Anidrido

Answer 12

Anidrido (A-Hidratado) is a functional group resulting from intermolecular dehydration of two carboxylic acids, this creates a bond between carboxyls at one oxygen in the shape:

O=C-O-C=O
nomenclature: Anidrido + molécula1-oico + molécula2-oico

Question 13

What characteristics of organic molecules make them more acidic?

Answer 13

The presence of electron-withdrawing substituent groups, because it polarizes the acidic bonds and creates a more stable conjugate base. As well as shorter carbon chains

Question 14

Acidity hierarchy

Answer 14

1. Inorganic acids
2. Carboxylic acids
3. Phenols
4. Alcohols

Question 15

Basicity hierarchy

Answer 15

1. Secondary bases
2. Primary bases
3. Tertiary bases
4. Aromatics