Functional and Clinical Anatomy of the Shoulder

Question 1

What connects the shoulder girdle to the trunk?

Answer 1

Clavicle.

Question 2

What does Greek word ‘Acromion’ mean?

Answer 2

Tip of the shoulder.

Question 3

What does Greek word ‘Olecranon’ mean?

Answer 3

Tip of the elbow.

Question 4

What does Greek word ‘Coracoid’ mean?

Answer 4

Shaped like a crow’s beak.

Question 5

What does the Greek word ‘Teres’ mean?

Answer 5

Long + round (cylindrical).

Question 6

What does the Greek word ‘Glenoid’ mean?

Answer 6

Like a socket.

Question 7

What does the Greek word ‘Trochlear’ mean?

Answer 7

Pulley.

Question 8

What does the Greek word ‘Condyle’ mean?

Answer 8

Knuckle.

Question 9

What 2 groups are the muscles of the shoulder considered to be categorised into?

Answer 9

Muscles that connect upper limb to the body (responsible for big movements + stabilisation).

Short muscles that connect between the limb bones (moving bones relative to each other).

Question 10

State the 3 superficial posterior muscles of the shoulder.

Answer 10

Trapezius, deltoid and latissimus dorsi.

Question 11

What 3 bones does the shoulder comprise of?

Answer 11

Scapula, clavicle and humerus.

Question 12

Describe the surgical neck of the humerus.

Answer 12

Narrowest part of the humerus where stresses are concentrated when we fall therefore most prone to fracture following FOOSH.

Question 13

Where is the epiphysis of the humerus located?

Answer 13

Anatomical neck of humerus.

Question 14

State one cause of paralysis of deltoid and loss of sensation to Sergent’s stripes area.

Answer 14

Damage to axillary nerve following a humeral fracture.

Question 15

What is the purpose of the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

Answer 15

Serve as attachment sites for the 4 rotator cuff muscles of the glenohumeral joint.

Question 16

What feature can be found on the costal, anterior surface of the scapula?

Answer 16

Shallow, concave subscapula fossa.

Question 17

Subscapula fossa provides the attachment site for which muscle?

Answer 17

Subscapularis.

Question 18

What does the prominent spine on the posterior surface of scapula divide the scapula into?

Answer 18

Superior supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa.

Question 19

What is the acromion of the scapula?

Answer 19

An anterolateral projection of the spine of the scapula that arches over the glenohumeral joint + articulates on its distal end with the clavicle via a facet.

Question 20

What is the coracoid process?

Answer 20

Hook-like structure that projects anterolaterally and is positioned directly inferior to lateral part of clavicle.

Question 21

What structure of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?

Answer 21

Glenoid fossa/ cavity.

Question 22

What is the labrum glenoidale?

Answer 22

Fibrocartilaginous ring that makes the glenoid cavity deeper and more enlarged.

Question 23

What is the function of the infraglenoid tubercle?

Answer 23

Provide site of attachment for long head of triceps brachia muscle.

Question 24

Describe the acromial end of the clavicle.

Answer 24

Lateral. Flat and has a small oval facet for articulation with acromion of the scapula.

Question 25

Describe the sternal end of the clavicle.

Answer 25

Medial. More robust than acromial end. Has a much larger facet for articulation with manubrium of sternum.

Question 26

What ligament connects the clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum?

Answer 26

Sternoclavicular ligament.

Question 27

The inferior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle possesses a distant tuberosity consisting of a tubercle. What is it called?

Answer 27

Condoid tubercle.

Question 28

What is the purpose of trapezoid line?

Answer 28

Serves as an attachment point for the trapezoid’s coracoclavicular ligament.

Question 29

What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?

Answer 29

Supraspinatous, infraspnatous, teres minor + subscapularis.

Question 30

Describe the origin, attachment, function and innervation of supraspinatous muscle.

Answer 30

O: Supraspinous fossa (posterior surface of scapula).
A: Superior facet on greater tubercle.
F: Abduct the humerus.
I: C5 (suprascapular nerve).

Question 31

Describe the origin, attachment, function and innervation of infraspinatous muscle.

Answer 31

O: Infraspinous fossa (posterior surface of scapula).
A: Posterior facet of greater tubercle.
F: Externally rotate humerus.
I: C5- C6(supra scapula nerve).

Question 32

Describe the origin, attachment, function and innervation of terms minor muscle.

Answer 32

O: middle half of lateral border of scapula.
A: Inferior facet of greater tubercle.
F: Externally rotate humerus.
I: C5 (axillary nerve).

Question 33

Describe the origin, attachment, function and innervation of subscapularis muscle.

Answer 33

O: Subscapular fossa (anterior surface of scapula).
A: Lesser tubercle of humerus.
F: Internally rotate humerus.
I: C5-C6 (sub scapular nerve).

Question 34

List the shoulder muscles on the anterior surface.

Answer 34

Pectoralis (major and minor).
Serratus anterior.
Corachobrachialis.
Biceps brachii.

Question 35

List the deep posterior shoulder muscles.

Answer 35

Levator scapulae. 
Subclavius. 
Rhomboid (minor and major). 
Supraspinatous. 
Infraspinatous. 
Teres (minor and major)

Question 36

State the anterior relations around the shoulder.

Answer 36

Subscapularis muscle.
Axillary vessels.
Brachial plexus.

Question 37

State the posterior relations around the shoulder.

Answer 37

Infraspinatous.

Teres minor muscles.

Question 38

State the superior relations around the shoulder.

Answer 38

Suprspinatous muscle.
Subacromial bursa.
Coracoacromial ligament.
Deltoid muscle.

Question 39

State the inferior relations around the shoulder.

Answer 39

Long head of the triceps muscle.
Axillary nerve.
Posterior circumflex humeral vessels.

Question 40

What does the corococlavicular ligament (trapezoid + conoid ligaments) do?

Answer 40

Connects the coracoid process to the clavicle.

Question 41

What does the coracoacromial ligament do?

Answer 41

Connects the acromion to coracoid process.

Question 42

What does the acromioclavicular ligament do?

Answer 42

Attaches the acromion of scapula to clavicle.

Question 43

What does the coracohumeral ligament do?

Answer 43

Connects the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of humerus.

Question 44

What does the glenohumeral ligament do?

Answer 44

Connects the lateral scapula to the greater tubercle of humerus.

Question 45

Describe the glenohumeral joint.

Answer 45

Ball and socket joint formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula- ball is around 4x the socket area (increases mobility of shoulder joint at expense of stability).

Question 46

Describe the acromiocalvicular joint.

Answer 46

Joint between acromion of scapula and clavicle that I stabilised by acriomiocalvicualr ligament.
Allows for the ability to raise arm above the head.

Question 47

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 47

Joint between manubrium of sternum and sternal facet (medial end) of clavicle bone.

Question 48

What injury does it indicate if you experience pain at the top of shoulder arc?

Answer 48

Pain at 170 degrees-180 degrees abduction usually suggests pathology with acromioclavicular joint.

Question 49

What injury does it indicate if you experience pain at the middle of shoulder arc?

Answer 49

Pain between 60 degrees- 120 degrees usually suggest pathology with glenohumeral joint such as supraspinatous tendinitis or subacromial bursitis.

Question 50

What are the 3 types of shoulder dislocation?

Answer 50

Inferior dislocation: dislocating downwards.
Anterior dislocation: humerus moves anterior to glenoid fossa.
Posterior dislocation: humerus dislocates backwards relative to the glenoid fossa.

Question 51

State some common causes of shoulder dislocation.

Answer 51

Inferior deficiency in rotator cuff.

Tearing labrum.