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xB12W1 > FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL ANATOMY OF SHOULDER > Flashcards

FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL ANATOMY OF SHOULDER Flashcards

1
Q

where does the clavicle extend from and to?

A

the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula

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2
Q

what are the 3 main fucntions of the clavicle?

A

attaches upper limb to trunk
protects underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb
transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

how does the clavicle attach to the manubirum of the sternum?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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4
Q

outline the basic shape of the clavicle?

A

facing forward, the medial aspect is convex and the lateral aspect concave

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5
Q

which muscles attach to the shaft of the clavicle?

A

deltoid, trapezius, subclavius, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid and sternohyoid

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6
Q

how does the clavicle attach to the acromion of the scapula?

A

via the acromioclavicular joint

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7
Q

what is the conoid tubercle and where is it found?

A

its a attachment point of the conoid ligament (medial coracoclavicular ligament) and is found on the lateral end of the clavicle

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8
Q

what is the trapezoid line and where is it found?

A

an attachment point of the trapezoid ligament (lateral coracoclavicular ligament) and is found on the lateral end of the clavicle

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9
Q

how does the scapula connect the upper limb to the trunk?

A

it articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

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10
Q

outline the anatomy of the costal surface of the scapula?

A

it contains a large concave depression called the subscapular fossa
on the superolateral surface there is a hook-like projection called the coracoid process

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11
Q

what originates from the subscapular fossa?

A

the subscapularis muscle

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12
Q

what muscles attach to the coracoid process on the scapular?

A

pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps brachii

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13
Q

outline the structure of the lateral surface of the scpula?

A

the glenoid fossa which is a shallow cavity where the humerus joins- has a labrum to deepen the cavity
superior to the glenoid fossa is the supraglenoid tubercle
inferior to the glenid fossa is the infraglenoid tubercle

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14
Q

what is the place of attachment for the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

the supraglenoid tubercle

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15
Q

what is the place of attachment for the long head of the triceps brachii?

A

the infraglenoid tubercle

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16
Q

describe the anataomy of the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

the spine runs transversle across it dividing it into the infraspinous fossa and the supraspinous fossa
the acromion is the projection of the spine that arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle

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17
Q

what muscle originates from the infraspinatus fossa?

A

the infraspinatus muscle

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18
Q

what muscle originates from the supraspinatus fossa?

A

the supraspinatus muscle

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19
Q

outline the anatomy of the proximal humerus?

A

it has a head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubersoty, lesser tuberosity and an intertubercular sulcus

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20
Q

what is the greater tuberosity an attachment point for?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles (3 of the rotator cuff muscles)

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21
Q

what does the lesser tuberosity of the humerus provide an attachment point for?

A

the subscapularis muscle (last rotator cuff muscle)

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22
Q

what separates the greater and lesser tuberosities?

A

the intertubercular sulcus

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23
Q

what runs along the intertubercular sulcus?

A

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

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24
Q

whats the difference between the anatomical and surgical neck of the humerus?

A

anatomical neck is after the humeral head whereas the surgical neck is the narrowest region of the humerus and is therefore more viable to fractures

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25
Q

describe the structure of the shaft of the humerus?

A

on the lateral side is the deltoid tuberosity where the delotif muscle attaches
the radial groove runs diagonally down the posterior surface

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26
Q

what runs down the radial groove of the humerus?

A

the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

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27
Q

what muscles attach to the humerus along its shaft?

A

coracobrachialis, deltoid, brachialis, brachioradialis, medial and lateral heads of the triceps

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28
Q

describe the structure of the distal humerus?

A

lateral and medial borders form medial and lateral supraepicondylar ridges and distal to these are the lateral and medial epicondyles
the trochlea is located medially and lateral to it is the capitulum which articulates with the radius
there are 3 depressions- coronoid, radial and olecranon fossae

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29
Q

whats the difference between the epicondyles?

A

the medial is larger and extends more distally

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30
Q

what passes i the groove on the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle?

A

the ulnar nerve

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31
Q

outline how the humerus is attached to the forearm?

A

the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius and the trochlear of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

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32
Q

what lies between the ulna and radius?

A

the interosseous membrane

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33
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral?

A

ball and socket

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34
Q

what type of joint is the elbow?

A

hinge joint

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35
Q

what are the 4 joints of the shoulder?

A

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral and scapulothoracic

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36
Q

why are sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular known as atypical synovial joints?

A

as their articular surfaces are covered in fibrocartilage rather than hyaline

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37
Q

what are the 3 joints of the elbow?

A

the humeroradial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint and humero-ulnar joint

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38
Q

what are the ligaments of the shoulder?

A 
acromioclavicular ligament
coracoacromioal ligament
coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid and trapezoid)
superior transverse ligament
transverse humeral ligament
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39
Q

what is the acromioclavicular ligament?

A

connect acromion of scapula and clavicle

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40
Q

what is the coracoacromial ligament?

A

connects coracoid process of the scapula to the acromion of the scapula

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41
Q

what is the transverse humeral ligament?

A

Holds the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii muscle in the groove between the greater and lesser tubercle on the humerus

42
Q

what is the glenohumeral ligament?

A

connect the glenoid fossa to the humerus = joint capsule

43
Q

what is the superior transverse scapular ligament?

A

links the margins of the suprascapular notch and converts it into a foramen, through which, the suprascapular nerve passes

44
Q

what are the coracoclavicular ligaments?

A

connects the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula. It consists of the trapezoid ligament in front, and the conoid ligament behind.

45
Q

describe the anatomy of the proximal end of the radius?

A

the head of the radius, neck and radial tuberosity (a bony projection)

46
Q

whats the function of the radial tuberosity

A

it serves as a place of attachment of the biceps brachii muscle

47
Q

what muscle attaches to the shaft of the radius?

A

the pronator teres muscle

48
Q

describe the anatomy of the distal region of the radius?

A

the radial shaft expans to form a rectangular end and the lateral side projects distally as the styloid process
on the medial surface is the ulnar notch which articultes with the head of the ulna to form the radioulnar joint
the distal surface of the radius has 2 facets for articulating with scaphoid and lunate carpal bones

49
Q

describe the anatomy of the proximal ulna?

A

has an olecranon which extends proximally - tip of the elbow
has a coronoid process anteriorly
the trochlear notch is formed by the olecranon and coronoid process and this articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
the radial notch is located on the lateral surface of the trochlear notch and articulates with the head of the radius
immediately distal to the coronoid process there is the tuberosity of ulna

50
Q

whats the function of the tuberosity of ulna?

A

attachment of brachialis muscle

51
Q

which muscles attach to the shaft of the ulna and where?

A

anterioly the pronator quadratus muscle

52
Q

describe the anatomy of the dstal ulnar?

A

much small in diameter than proximal end
terminates ina. rounded head with an ulnar styloid process
head articulates with ulnar notch of radius to form distal radio-ulnar joint

53
Q

describe the ligaments involved in the elbow joint?

A

lateral ulnar collateral ligament on lateral epicondyle of humerus to supinator crest of ulnar

radial collateral ligament - from the lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament

annular ligament - from posterior to the anterior margins of radial notch on the ulna, encircles the head of radius and holds it against the radial notch of ulna

accessory lateral collateral ligament - from the inferior margin of the annular ligament to the supinator crest.

54
Q

what are the anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor and subclavius

55
Q

what are the posterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A

trapezius, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor.

56
Q

whats the origin and insertion of serratus anterior?

A

origin - medial border of scapula

insertion - anterolateral aspect of ribs 1-8

57
Q

what is the origin and insertion of pectoralis minor?

A

origin - ribs 3-5

insertion - coracoid process

58
Q

whats the function of serratus anterior muscle?

A

pulls the scapula forward around the thorax, which allows for anteversion and protraction of the arm.

59
Q

whats the function of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

stabilization, depression, abduction or protraction, internal rotation and downward rotation of the scapula. It elevates the ribs for deep inspiration when the pectoral girdle is fixed or elevated.

60
Q

what is the origin and insertion of pectoralis major?

A

origin - Clavicular part: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle Sternocostal part: anterior surface of sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 1-6 Abdominal part: Anterior layer of rectus sheath

insertion - lateral lip of intertubercle sulcus of humerus

61
Q

whats the function of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

adduction of the arm and rotation of the arm forward about the axis of the body.

62
Q

what are the origin and insertion points of the subclavius muscle?

A

origin - sternal end of rib 1

insertion - subclavian groove of clavicle

63
Q

whats the function of the subclavius muscle?

A

active stabilization of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint during movements of the shoulder and arm.

64
Q

what are the origins and insertions of trapezius muscle?

A

origins - occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of T01–T12.

insertion points - posterior border of lateral 1/3rd of clavicle, medial border of acronym, superior lip of spine of scapula

65
Q

whats the function of trapezius muscle?

A

posture and movement

66
Q

what is the origin and insertion point of the rhomboid major?

A

origin - T2-T5 spinous processes

insertion - medial border of scapula

67
Q

whats the function of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

upper limb movement and stability of both the shoulder girdle and scapula.

68
Q

what are the origin and insertion points of the rhomboid minor?

A

oriign - C7- T1 spinous processes

insertion - medial border of scapula at root of spine

69
Q

what are the origin and insertion points for the levator scapulae?

A

oriign - tranverse proceses of C1+C2 and posterior tubercles of C3+C4

insertion - medial border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine

70
Q

what is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

elevate the scapulae

71
Q

what are the origins and insertion points of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

origins - T6-T12 spinours processes
lumbrosacral fascia and iliac crest

insertion - floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

72
Q

what are the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

muscles that connect the scapula to the humerus - rotator cuff, teres major and deltoid.

73
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

74
Q

whats the function of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

abduction of arm

75
Q

whats the function of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

external rotation of humerus

76
Q

whats the function of the teres minor muscle?

A

external rotation of humerus

77
Q

whats the function of the subscapularis muscle?

A

internal rotation of the humerus

78
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the deltoid?

A

origin - anterior border of lateral 1/3rd of clavicel , lateral border of acronion and inferior lip of spine of scapula

insertion - delotid tuberosity of humerus

79
Q

whats the function of the deltoid muscle?

A

arm abduction

80
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the teres major muscle?

A

origin - dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula

insertion - medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

81
Q

whats the function of the teres major muscle?

A

produce the movements of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

82
Q

whats the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

origin - medial 2/3rds of infraspinatus fossa

insertion - superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

83
Q

whats the function of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

initiate abduction and depress the humeral head against the upward pull of the deltoid

84
Q

whats the origin and insertion of infraspinatus muscle?

A

origin - medial 2/3rds of infraspinatus fossa

insetion - central facet of greater tubercle of humerus

85
Q

whats the origin and insertion points of teres minor?

A

origin - dorsal surface of axillary border of scapula

insertion - inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

86
Q

whats the function of teres minor?

A

stabilizes the ball-and-socket glenohumeral joint by helping hold the humeral head (ball) into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula (socket)

87
Q

whats the origin and insertion of th subscapularis muscle?

A

origin - medial 2/3rds of costal surface of scapular

insertion - lesser tubercle of humerus

88
Q

what are the muscles of the arm?

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii

89
Q

whats the most anterior muscle seen on the naterior surface of the arm?

A

the biceps brachii

90
Q

whats the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

origin - supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process (short head)
insertion - radial tuberosity and deep antebrachial fascia

91
Q

whats the origin and insertion of brachialis muscle?

A

origin - anterior surface of inferior 1/2 of humerus and medial intermuscular septum
insettion - coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity

92
Q

whats the origin and insertion of coracobrachialis muscle?

A

origin - coracoid process

insertion - medial surface of midshaft of humerus

93
Q

whats the origin and insertion of triceps brachii?

A

origin - infeaglenoid tubercle (long head), posterior surface of humerus superior to radial groove (lateral head) and posterior surface of humerus inferior to radial groove medial head)
insettion - olecranon process of ulna

94
Q

which head of th triceps brachii inserts on the scapula?

A

long head

95
Q

whats does paralysis of deltoid or loss of sensation at sergeants stripes mean?

A

surgical neck fracture - damage to axillary nerve

96
Q

what are some common causes of shoulder pain in abduction?

A

bursitis or tendonitis

97
Q

at what arc of abduction would tenditinitis or bursitis cause pain?

A

45-120 degrees

98
Q

what are 4 types of shoulder bursas?

A

subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial subcoracoid

99
Q

what is the stimson technique for reducing a shoulder dislocation?

A

the patients arm hand over the edge of a bed with 10 pounds of weight hanging from the wrist

100
Q

what is Kocher’s method of reducing a shoulder dislocation?

A

traction to the elbow with external rotation of the humerus and adducting the elbow towards the chest

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