functional anatony

Question 1

skeletal muscles are …

Answer 1

external
attached to bones
voluntary
striated cells

Question 2

smooth muscles….

Answer 2

internal
involuntary
blood vessels aand intestine walls
spindle cells

Question 3

cardiac muscles…

Answer 3

found in the heart

involuntary
striped appearance

Question 4

wjhat two things can muscles do???

Answer 4

contract or relax

Question 5

what is an isotonic muscle contraction??

Answer 5

movement contraction

• occurs whenever the muscle lenth CHANGES through a range of motion
• (bc when u r moving a weight, the amount of force varies at the joints so adapt differently

Question 6

isotonic have what two subcategories???

Answer 6

concentric and eccentric

Question 7

what is a concentric muscle contraction ?

Answer 7

when the muscle shortens

Question 8

what is an eccentric muscle contraction?

Answer 8

when the muscle extends/ lengthens

Question 9

what is an isometric contraction?

Answer 9

non movement contractions

- tension developed but no change in the muscle length

Question 10

what is an isokinetic muscle contraction??

Answer 10

a specialised movement contraction

• tension developed, is maximal throughout the entire range of motion (machine works muscles maximally)
• force applied by machine= force applied by muscles

Question 11

what is a red muscle fibre???

Answer 11

type 1)

slow twitch, marathon, low force/ speed/ power and high endurance

Question 12

what is a white muscle fibre generally??

Answer 12

fast twitch, 100m, 200m and 400m

Question 13

what is the difference between type 2a and 2b white muscle fibre???

Answer 13

type 2a) fall in between the two, used for sustained power activities and more resistant to fatigue than type 2b
- 400m,,800, (javelin- high amounts of throws) - generally multiple
type 2b) high force/ power/ speed production- low endurance
-100m,200m (just a one off)

Question 14

what are the advantages of isometric??

Answer 14

• no equipment required
• done anywhere
• very good for improving specific strength quickly
• develops static strength

Question 15

what are the disadvantages of isometric movements??

Answer 15

• no movement of joints: therefore strength and ligaments arent improved
• no improvements of cardiovascular system

Question 16

what are the isotonic advantages??

Answer 16

• developing major muscle groups in one (running)

- relates to many sports so can be specific

Question 17

what are isotonic disadvantages?

Answer 17

-forces applied to joints can be uneven–> injury and breakdown

Question 18

what are isokinetic advantages?

Answer 18

-specific machine- isolated muscle- develop that muscle in the fastest way

Question 19

what are isokinetic disadvantages???

Answer 19

-machines are not always accessible

Question 20

what are the types of muscles???

Answer 20

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 21

what is a force??

Answer 21

a pushing or pulling motion that changes a body’s state of motion

-the contraction is determined mainly by length and velocity

Question 22

what is velocity???

Answer 22

speed in a given direction

Question 23

what are the nine characteristics of muscles???

Answer 23

• the number of fibres required
• the muscle fibre type
• the cross sectional area
• thee joint angle and muscle length
• the muscle shape and location
• the speed of the contraction
• the type of muscle contraction
• age
• gender

Question 24

what is the force-length relationship??

Answer 24

the active force decreases with increasing muscle length fibre

Question 25

an example of force-length with muscles????

Answer 25

when a single elastic band is tied with another to the end, and is stretched, there is less force needed to stretch it double the length

Question 26

what is force- velocity????

Answer 26

the force a muscle can create decreases with increasing velocity of shortening (concentric action)

• the force a muscle can resist increases when the velocity of a lengthening (eccentric action is increased
• when force is maximal= muscle contracts with maximal velocity

Question 27

what are some others factors affecting maximum force generation???

Answer 27

• pre-stretching
• muscle fatigue
• the type of the muscle fibre
• frequency of muscle stimulation

Question 28

what is the sliding filament theory???

Answer 28

• how muscles contract when stimulated
• cross bridges are formed on the actin filament
• the amount of force produced depends on the number of crooss bridges formed

Question 29

fascicles are…

Answer 29

each muscle contains thousands of muscle fibres up to 30cm long and these bundles are fascicles

Question 30

what are fascicles protected by???

Answer 30

a sheath called perimysium

Question 31

what two things run parallel to one another??

Answer 31

fascicles and fibres

Question 32

what can each muscle fibre be broken down to???

Answer 32

myofibrils

Question 33

myofibrils are cross straited with light and dark filaments. The dark bands are ??? and the light bands are the ???? and one unit of these together are the ????

Answer 33

dark bands - myosin, protein
light bands- ACTIN
together- form the sarcomere

Question 34

a more in depth version of the sliding filament theory?? when a muscle contracts

Answer 34

a nerve impulse stimulates the release of calcium, which bonds to the troponin, the tropomyosin then moves away and unblocks the myosin binding site. mysoin head is energised and attaches to the myosin binding site where a powerstroke is created. myosin pulls the actin towards the m-line and then z-line shortens and a contraction occurs

Question 35

what happens when a muscle is relaxed???

Answer 35

tropomyosin- prevents muscle contraction by hiding the myosin binding site