Functional Anatomy - Positions

Question 1

Caudal Thoracic Cavity

Answer 1

The Diaphragm

Question 2

Dorsal Thoracic Cavity

Answer 2

Thoracic vertebrae and muscles

Question 3

Ventral Thoracic Cavity

Answer 3

The sternum

Question 4

Lateral Thoracic Cavity

Answer 4

The ribs and intercostal muscles

Question 5

Cranial Abdominal Cavity

Answer 5

The diaphragm

Question 6

Caudal Abdominal Cavity

Answer 6

The pelvic opening

Question 7

Dorsal Abdominal Cavity

Answer 7

Lumbar vertebrae and part of the diaphragm

Question 8

Later and Ventral Abdominal Cavity

Answer 8

Abdominal muscles

Question 9

Axial Skeleton

Answer 9

The skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 10

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 10

The fore and hind limbs

Question 11

Splanchnic Skeleton

Answer 11

Bones that develop in soft tissues, floating e.g os penis

Question 12

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 12

Bone formed directly from fibrous tissue e.g. flat bones of the skull

Question 13

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 13

Bone formed within a preformed cartilaginous model

Question 14

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 14

• Support the body- Movement by providing leverage for muscle contraction- Protects organs- Mineral balance e.g. calcium and phosphorous- RBC production within bone marrow- Endocrine regulation

Question 15

Pivot

Answer 15

Radius/Ulna or atlas/axis

Question 16

Ball and socket

Answer 16

Femur/acetabulum

Question 17

Hinge

Answer 17

Humerus/radius and ulna

Question 18

Plane or gliding

Answer 18

Between carpals/tarsals

Question 19

Saddle

Answer 19

Between phalanges

Question 20

Condylar

Answer 20

Stifle

Question 21

Flexion

Answer 21

Angle between bones is reduced

Question 22

Extension

Answer 22

Angle between bones is increased

Question 23

Abduction

Answer 23

Whole limb moves away from the midline of the body

Question 24

Adduction

Answer 24

Whole limb moves towards the midline of the body

Question 25

Protraction

Answer 25

Whole limb moves cranially

Question 26

Retraction

Answer 26

Whole limb moves caudally

Question 27

Supination

Answer 27

Under-surface of the paw is turned downwards

Question 28

Pronation

Answer 28

Under-surface of the paw is turned upwards

Question 29

Sensory neurons

Answer 29

Conduct impulses from receptors e.g. eyes, ears and stretch receptors in the muscles and carry them towards the CNS

Question 30

Motor neurons

Answer 30

Conduct impulses away from CNS towards effector organ e.g. muscles and glands

Question 31

Frontal lobe

Answer 31

Most anterior, centre of voluntary movement (motor area), containing areas for control of gross, fine and complicated muscle movements

Question 32

Parietal lobe

Answer 32

Collects, recognises and organises sensations of pain, temperature, touch, position and movement

Question 33

Temporal lobe

Answer 33

Contains centres for awareness and correlation of auditory stimuli

Question 34

Occipital lobe

Answer 34

Forms posterior extremity of each cerebral hemisphere. Involves visual perception and visual memory (role in eye movement)

Question 35

Corpus Callosum

Answer 35

Midline band of tissue in the brain separating left and right hemisphere

Question 36

Cranium

Answer 36

Bones of the skull form a hard outer covering the brain

Question 37

Vertebral column

Answer 37

Protects the spinal cord

Question 38

Meninges

Answer 38

3 layers of membrane composed of white fibrous connective tissue enveloping entire CNS providing support and protection

Question 39

What are the 3 layers of membrane protecting the brain?

Answer 39

Dura mater (outermost, tough), Arachnoid mater (web-like, cushions CNS, facilitates diffusion of oxygen), Pia mater (innermost layer, delicate, very vascular supplying blood to CNS)