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Haemopoietic & Neurological Systems > Functional Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

FOREBRAIN

A
  • Telencephalon and Diencephalon
  • Brain structures; cerebrum, thalamus & hypothalamus
  • Brain cavities; lateral ventricles & third ventricle
  • Nerves; Olfactory (I) and Optic (II)
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2
Q

MIDBRAIN

A
  • Mesencephalon
  • Brain structures; midbrain
  • Brain cavities; mesencephalic aqueduct
  • Nerves; cranial nerve III & IV
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3
Q

HINDBRAIN

A
  • Metencephalon & Mylencephalon
  • Brain structures; Pons, Cerebellum & Medulla Oblongata
  • Brain cavities; fourth ventricle
  • Nerves; Trigeminal (V) & VI-XII
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4
Q

Gross anatomy divisions (7)

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Midbrain
  • Diencephalon
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5
Q

Cerebrum

A

Telencephalon
- the largest part of the brain
- carries higher functions
- two cerebral hemispheres separated by cerebral fissure
- Gyri (ridges) & Sulci (grooves)
- Grey matter; neuronal cell bodies
- Central white matter; axons and basal nuclei
- Receives input from sensory organs
- voluntary skeletal muscle movements, stores memory,
voluntary motor control, behaviour and mental status

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6
Q

Grey Matter

A
  • Made up of neuron cell bodies
  • Located on surface & deep in hemispheres; in hippocampus, basal and septal nuclei
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7
Q

Limbic system

A

Complex structures on both sides of the thalamus, ancient memory and emotional complex

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8
Q

White matter

A

Contains myelinated nerve fibres
- major neural connection between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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9
Q

Types of white matter fibres

A
  • association fibres
  • commissural fibres
  • projection fibres
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10
Q

Association fibres

A

interconnect adjacent gyri
establish connection within same hemisphere

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11
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Connects two hemispheres

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12
Q

Projection fibres

A

Connects cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Characteristics of the cerebral cortex

A
  • acquired late in evolution
  • cause consciousness
  • 3x regions; motor cortex, sensory cortex and association cortex
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14
Q

3x regions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Motor cortex; responsible for non-reflex movement (contralateral)
  • Sensory cortex; responsible for sensory perception
  • Association cortex; complex memory, planning, self-awareness, language and personality traits
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15
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Frontal lobe; part of motor cortex
  • Occipital lobe; visual cortex
  • Parietal lobe; conscious perception of pain, heat and touch
  • Temporal lobe; auditory function, behaviour & memory
  • Piriform; conscious olfaction
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16
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Continuous with spinal chord
  • diencephalon, medulla oblongata, midbrain & pons
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17
Q

Diencephalon

A

most rostral part of the brainstem
- divided into 4 regions; hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

Large number of grey matter communicating with cerebral cortex
- all senses except smell come to the thalamus
- interprets awareness of nonlocalized pain, touch and temperature
- the optic nerves form the optic chiasm of the diencephalon
- Rostral to the optic chiasm, optic nerves (CN II) runs to the eyeball

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19
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Divided into two sections; dorsal (tectum) and ventral
  • 4 round swellings characterise tectum (corpa quadrigemina)
20
Q

Pons

A

Between medulla oblongata and mesencephalon
- composed of dorsal part (tegmentum) and ventral
- connected to cerebellum via the cerebellar peduncles
- contains rostral end of fourth ventricle and gives rise to the trigeminal nerve.

21
Q

Cerebellum structure

A
  • transverse cerebral fissure separates it from cerebrum
  • 3 cerebellar peduncles on each side of the 4th ventricle connects it to the brainstem
  • grey matter is the external layer
  • white matter; arbor vitae
22
Q

Cerebellum function

A
  • maintains balance
  • motor reflex centre; muscle contractions
  • Ipsilateral; motor effect exerted on the same side
23
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Gives rise to seven of the 12 cranial nerves
  • grey matter nuclei, white matter tracts
  • regulation of visceral functions; heart rate, respiration etc.
24
Q

Meninges

A

Brain and spinal cord are enveloped by 3 layers of connective tissue; meninges
- Dura mater; thick outer layer
- Arachnoid layer; thin middle layer, non-vascular
- Pia mater; inner vascular layer, firmly attached to underlying nervous tissue

25
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer
- filled with CSF cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

Ventricles

A

Derived from the fluid-filled centre of the embryonic neural tube
- interconnected cavities filled with CSF
- 4 ventricles connected to each other and the central canal in the spinal cord

27
Q

The ventricular system

A
  • the two most rostral ventricles are called lateral ventricles, in cerebral hemispheres
  • each connects with third ventricle via the interventricular foramen
  • third ventricle surrounds the thalamus
  • aquaduct leads through midbrain to the fourth ventricle, between MO and cerebellum
  • merges with central canal
28
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • Produced mainly by small arteries and arterioles in the leptomeninges and choroid plexus
  • Flows doen a pressure gradient from ventricles to subarachnoid space
  • From subarachnoid space, enters venous system
29
Q

CSF drainage

A

Drained from subarachnoid space via…
- venules of the subarachnoid space
- venous sinuses of the brain
- the lymphatic system vessels

30
Q

CSF function

A
  • gives brain buoyancy and support
  • protects from mechanical trauma
  • helps provide brain with nutrients
  • serves as a medium for the diffusion of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter substances
31
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • Mammals, birds and reptiles have 12 pairs of cranial nerves
    CN I-XII
32
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve; sensory
Distribution; nasal mucosa membrane

33
Q

CN II

A

Optic nerve; sensory
Distribution; retina of the eye

34
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve; motor
Distribution; most muscles of the eye and iris

35
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve; motor
Effects; dorsal oblique muscles of the eye

36
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve; mixed
Effects; SENSORY eye and face, MOTOR of mastication

37
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens nerve; motor
Effects; retractor and lateral eye muscles

38
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve; Mixed
SENSORY; region of ear and taste to 2/3 of tongue
MOTOR; muscles of facial expression
parasympathetic to mandibular and sublingual salivary glands

39
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve; sensory
- effects; cochlear (hearing) and semicircular canals (equilibrium)

40
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve; Mixed
SENSORY; pharynx and taste to caudal third of tongue
MOTOR; muscles of pharynx
parasympathetic to parotid salivary glands
Blood pressure control; relaying chemoreceptor info from carotid artery

41
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve; Mixed
SENSORY; to larynx and pharynx
MOTOR; muscles of larynx
parasympathetic to visceral structures of thorax and abdomen

42
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory nerve; motor
motor muscles of shoulders and neck from spinal cord

43
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve; motor
Motor muscles of tongue

44
Q

Brain Vasculature

A

All species’ blood is pooled into the cerebral arterial circle before branching into the brain
- 5 pairs of arteries, 4 from the arterial circle
- Rostral, middle and caudal cerebral arteries and rostral cerebellar artery
- And caudal cerebellar artery, from basilar a.

45
Q

PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; dog, human and horse

A
  • arterial circle is supplied from 3 sources
  • internal carotid and basilar artery both supply the CAS and most other parts of the brain
  • carotid blood reaches most of cerebral hemispheres apart from caudal region
  • vertebral artery also supplies rest of the brain
46
Q

PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; cats and sheep

A
  • the lumen of the proximal 2/3 of the internal carotid artery becomes occluded in the first few weeks of life
  • Maxillary artery supplies CAS via rete mirabile, maxillary blood supplies all brain except caudal part of medulla oblongata
  • Vertebral artery supplies medulla oblongata
47
Q

PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; ox

A
  • like sheep and cats, proximal 2/3 of carotid a. is absent
  • two anastomosing branches , one from maxillary a. the other from the vertebral a. both have rete mirabile
  • CAS supplied by internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries

Haemopoietic & Neurological Systems (14 decks)

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