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Haemopoietic & Neurological Systems > Functional Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

FOREBRAIN

A
  • Telencephalon and Diencephalon
  • Brain structures; cerebrum, thalamus & hypothalamus
  • Brain cavities; lateral ventricles & third ventricle
  • Nerves; Olfactory (I) and Optic (II)
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2
Q

MIDBRAIN

A
  • Mesencephalon
  • Brain structures; midbrain
  • Brain cavities; mesencephalic aqueduct
  • Nerves; cranial nerve III & IV
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3
Q

HINDBRAIN

A
  • Metencephalon & Mylencephalon
  • Brain structures; Pons, Cerebellum & Medulla Oblongata
  • Brain cavities; fourth ventricle
  • Nerves; Trigeminal (V) & VI-XII
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4
Q

Gross anatomy divisions (7)

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Midbrain
  • Diencephalon
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5
Q

Cerebrum

A

Telencephalon
- the largest part of the brain
- carries higher functions
- two cerebral hemispheres separated by cerebral fissure
- Gyri (ridges) & Sulci (grooves)
- Grey matter; neuronal cell bodies
- Central white matter; axons and basal nuclei
- Receives input from sensory organs
- voluntary skeletal muscle movements, stores memory,
voluntary motor control, behaviour and mental status

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6
Q

Grey Matter

A
  • Made up of neuron cell bodies
  • Located on surface & deep in hemispheres; in hippocampus, basal and septal nuclei
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7
Q

Limbic system

A

Complex structures on both sides of the thalamus, ancient memory and emotional complex

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8
Q

White matter

A

Contains myelinated nerve fibres
- major neural connection between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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9
Q

Types of white matter fibres

A
  • association fibres
  • commissural fibres
  • projection fibres
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10
Q

Association fibres

A

interconnect adjacent gyri
establish connection within same hemisphere

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11
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Connects two hemispheres

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12
Q

Projection fibres

A

Connects cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Characteristics of the cerebral cortex

A
  • acquired late in evolution
  • cause consciousness
  • 3x regions; motor cortex, sensory cortex and association cortex
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14
Q

3x regions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Motor cortex; responsible for non-reflex movement (contralateral)
  • Sensory cortex; responsible for sensory perception
  • Association cortex; complex memory, planning, self-awareness, language and personality traits
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15
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Frontal lobe; part of motor cortex
  • Occipital lobe; visual cortex
  • Parietal lobe; conscious perception of pain, heat and touch
  • Temporal lobe; auditory function, behaviour & memory
  • Piriform; conscious olfaction
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16
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Continuous with spinal chord
  • diencephalon, medulla oblongata, midbrain & pons
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17
Q

Diencephalon

A

most rostral part of the brainstem
- divided into 4 regions; hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

Large number of grey matter communicating with cerebral cortex
- all senses except smell come to the thalamus
- interprets awareness of nonlocalized pain, touch and temperature
- the optic nerves form the optic chiasm of the diencephalon
- Rostral to the optic chiasm, optic nerves (CN II) runs to the eyeball

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19
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Divided into two sections; dorsal (tectum) and ventral
  • 4 round swellings characterise tectum (corpa quadrigemina)
20
Q

Pons

A

Between medulla oblongata and mesencephalon
- composed of dorsal part (tegmentum) and ventral
- connected to cerebellum via the cerebellar peduncles
- contains rostral end of fourth ventricle and gives rise to the trigeminal nerve.

21
Q

Cerebellum structure

A
  • transverse cerebral fissure separates it from cerebrum
  • 3 cerebellar peduncles on each side of the 4th ventricle connects it to the brainstem
  • grey matter is the external layer
  • white matter; arbor vitae
22
Q

Cerebellum function

A
  • maintains balance
  • motor reflex centre; muscle contractions
  • Ipsilateral; motor effect exerted on the same side
23
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Gives rise to seven of the 12 cranial nerves
  • grey matter nuclei, white matter tracts
  • regulation of visceral functions; heart rate, respiration etc.
24
Q

Meninges

A

Brain and spinal cord are enveloped by 3 layers of connective tissue; meninges
- Dura mater; thick outer layer
- Arachnoid layer; thin middle layer, non-vascular
- Pia mater; inner vascular layer, firmly attached to underlying nervous tissue

25
Subarachnoid space
Space between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer - filled with CSF cerebrospinal fluid
26
Ventricles
Derived from the fluid-filled centre of the embryonic neural tube - interconnected cavities filled with CSF - 4 ventricles connected to each other and the central canal in the spinal cord
27
The ventricular system
- the two most rostral ventricles are called lateral ventricles, in cerebral hemispheres - each connects with third ventricle via the interventricular foramen - third ventricle surrounds the thalamus - aquaduct leads through midbrain to the fourth ventricle, between MO and cerebellum - merges with central canal
28
Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Produced mainly by small arteries and arterioles in the leptomeninges and choroid plexus - Flows doen a pressure gradient from ventricles to subarachnoid space - From subarachnoid space, enters venous system
29
CSF drainage
Drained from subarachnoid space via... - venules of the subarachnoid space - venous sinuses of the brain - the lymphatic system vessels
30
CSF function
- gives brain buoyancy and support - protects from mechanical trauma - helps provide brain with nutrients - serves as a medium for the diffusion of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter substances
31
Cranial nerves
- Mammals, birds and reptiles have 12 pairs of cranial nerves CN I-XII
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CN I
Olfactory nerve; sensory Distribution; nasal mucosa membrane
33
CN II
Optic nerve; sensory Distribution; retina of the eye
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CN III
Oculomotor nerve; motor Distribution; most muscles of the eye and iris
35
CN IV
Trochlear nerve; motor Effects; dorsal oblique muscles of the eye
36
CN V
Trigeminal nerve; mixed Effects; SENSORY eye and face, MOTOR of mastication
37
CN VI
Abducens nerve; motor Effects; retractor and lateral eye muscles
38
CN VII
Facial nerve; Mixed SENSORY; region of ear and taste to 2/3 of tongue MOTOR; muscles of facial expression parasympathetic to mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
39
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve; sensory - effects; cochlear (hearing) and semicircular canals (equilibrium)
40
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve; Mixed SENSORY; pharynx and taste to caudal third of tongue MOTOR; muscles of pharynx parasympathetic to parotid salivary glands Blood pressure control; relaying chemoreceptor info from carotid artery
41
CN X
Vagus nerve; Mixed SENSORY; to larynx and pharynx MOTOR; muscles of larynx parasympathetic to visceral structures of thorax and abdomen
42
CN XI
Accessory nerve; motor motor muscles of shoulders and neck from spinal cord
43
CN XII
Hypoglossal nerve; motor Motor muscles of tongue
44
Brain Vasculature
All species' blood is pooled into the cerebral arterial circle before branching into the brain - 5 pairs of arteries, 4 from the arterial circle - Rostral, middle and caudal cerebral arteries and rostral cerebellar artery - And caudal cerebellar artery, from basilar a.
45
PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; dog, human and horse
- arterial circle is supplied from 3 sources - internal carotid and basilar artery both supply the CAS and most other parts of the brain - carotid blood reaches most of cerebral hemispheres apart from caudal region - vertebral artery also supplies rest of the brain
46
PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; cats and sheep
- the lumen of the proximal 2/3 of the internal carotid artery becomes occluded in the first few weeks of life - Maxillary artery supplies CAS via rete mirabile, maxillary blood supplies all brain except caudal part of medulla oblongata - Vertebral artery supplies medulla oblongata
47
PATTERN OF ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY; ox
- like sheep and cats, proximal 2/3 of carotid a. is absent - two anastomosing branches , one from maxillary a. the other from the vertebral a. both have rete mirabile - CAS supplied by internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries

Haemopoietic & Neurological Systems (14 decks)

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