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PTA > functional anatomy exam 1 terms and definitions > Flashcards

functional anatomy exam 1 terms and definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

the study of movement and the forces that
create movement

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2
Q

Kinematics

A

Branch of kinesiology that describes the
movement of a body or body part, without consideration for
the forces producing the motion.
◦ Arthrokinematics
◦ Osteokinematics

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3
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Descriptions of the
movement between two
bones at a joint.

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4
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Descriptions of the
movement of bones.

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5
Q

kinetics

A

A study of the effect of forces on the body.

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6
Q

Elasticity

A

Connective tissues return to their previous length after stretching,

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7
Q

Plasticity

A

Plasticity, or the quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length

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8
Q

Connective tissue is both

A

plastic and elastic

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9
Q

Creep

A

Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape
(shorten or elongate) in response
to these stresses

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10
Q

Thixotrophy

A

Soft tissue is thixotrophic, which means that the ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed. ex) honey

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11
Q

Tensile Strength

A

Soft tissue exhibits tensile strength. Tensile strength refers to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing directions

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12
Q

Piezoelectric Effect

A

Piezoelectricity is electricity that is caused from pressure. Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.

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13
Q

Colloidal

A

A colloid is a material that has the property of resisting compression yet being malleable. It is found in materials that are composed of liquid with suspended particles
ex) cornstarch and water

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

Very strong. Absorbs forces.

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15
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Makes bone lighter.

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16
Q

Metaphysis

A

transitional area

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16
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone will change its structure to adapt to stress.

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

◦ Wide area of bone at ends
◦ Epiphyseal plate separates it from shaft Epiphyseal
plate is where bone growth occurs

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

◦ Medullary canal – bone marrow is found here
◦ Endosteum lines the medullary canal
◦ Osteoclasts and blasts here remodel/heal bone

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17
Q

Tendons

A

MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross-hatched alignment to provide tensile strength.

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17
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Aponeurosis is a broad, flat tendon that serves as a means to connect muscle to bone.

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17
Q
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
A
  1. angle of a joint becomes smaller;
    occurs in sagittal plane
  2. opposite movement
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18
Q

Hyperextension

A

Genu recurvatum

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19
Q
  1. Abduction
  2. Adduction
A
  1. movement away from the center of
    the body in a frontal plane
  2. opposite movement/ towards the body
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20
Q

Internal rotation

A

also called Medial Rotation. Two points on
anterior surface come closer together. occurs on transeverse plane

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21
Q

External rotation

A

also called Lateral Rotation. Two points on
posterior surface come closer together. occurs on the transverse plane

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22
Q
  1. Pronation
  2. Supination

ex) foot and hand

A
  1. turning of foot
    or hand so that palmar
    surface is toward posterior.
  2. turning of foot
    or hand so that palmar
    surface is toward anterior.
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23
Q
  1. Dorsiflexion
  2. Plantar flexion
    ex) ankle
A
  1. top of foot
    comes closer to front of shin.
  2. bottom of foot
    comes closer to back of leg.
    saggittal planee
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24
Q
  1. Horizontal abduction
  2. Horizontal adduction
A
  1. Movement away from the
    body in a horizontal
    plane.
  2. Movement toward the
    body in a horizontal plane
    transverse plane
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25
Q
  1. Inversion
  2. Eversion
    ex) feet
A
  1. turning of
    the sole of the foot inward
    at the ankle.
  2. opposite movement. Sole of the
    foot moves outward.
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26
Q
  1. Protraction
  2. Retraction
    ex) head and scapula movements
A
  1. arm (and with it the
    scapula) or head move forward away
    from body in the transverse plane.
  2. opposite movement
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27
Q
  1. Radial deviation
  2. Ulnar deviation
    ex) wrist
A
  1. movement of the hand
    toward the radial side/thumb
  2. movement of the hand
    toward the ulnar side/pinky
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28
Q

Circumduction
ex) Shoulder and hip

A

 A combination
movement, in which the
motion makes the shape of
a cone.

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29
Q

Spinal Movements

A

Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation

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30
Q

You may be moving into extension of the elbow, but be in a
position of flexion.

A

You are flexed, but extending…

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31
Q

Relationship Terms:

A

Medial/Lateral
Anterior/Posterior
Dorsal/Ventral
Superior/Inferior
Superficial/Deep
Proximal/Distal

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32
Q

Sagittal Plane –
Frontal Plane –
Transverse Plane –

A

– flexion/extension
– abduction/adduction
– rotation

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33
Q

two ways to classify joints

A

function and structure

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34
Q

joint classification- function

A

 Synarthrosis – allowing little or no movement
 Amphiarthrosis – allowing limited movement
 Diarthrosis – freely moveable

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35
Q

joint classification- structure

A

 Fibrous – no space, dense tissue holds together
 Cartilaginous – no space, held together by cartilage
 Synovial – space, held together by a joint capsule

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36
Q

Types of Synovial Joints
- The number of planes a joint moves in is called the “degrees of freedom” in a joint.

A

Nonaxial – carpals – 0 degrees of freedom
Uniaxial –elbow – 1 degree of freedom
Biaxial – wrist, knee – 2 degrees of freedom
Triaxial – hip, shoulder – 3 degrees of freedom

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37
Q

7 synovial joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:
Happy People Enjoy Big Parties, Sunny Celebrations

A
  1. HINGE
  2. PIVOT
  3. ELLIPSOID
  4. BALL AND SOCKET
  5. PLANE
  6. SADDLE
  7. CONDYLOID
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38
Q

Hinge Joint

A

o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example

39
Q

Pivot Joint

A

o Allows rotation around long axis of bone
o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o Book uses analogy of doorknob

40
Q

Ellipsoid Joint

A

o Elongated convex and concave surfaces
o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm

41
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples

42
Q

Plane Joint

A

o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table

43
Q

Saddle Joint

A

o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example

44
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

o Articulation between large rounded
convex end of bone with relatively flat
surface.
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o Knee joint is an example.

45
Q

Joints must be both

A

mobile and stable

46
Q

Mobility

A

Depends on shape of joint (degrees of freedom), design of surrounding connective tissue, muscle pull

47
Q

Stability (two types)

A
  • Passive restraint – provided by ligaments, joint capsule, fascia
  • Active restraint – provided by muscles and tendons
48
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Descriptions of the movement between two bones at a joint

49
Q

Movements that can occur on a joint:

A

 Roll – like a wheel on the ground
 Spin – like a top, spin occurs around the long axis of the bone
 Glide or slide – like a tire with brakes applied on ice
 Traction/distraction – pulling apart of joint surfaces
 Approximation/compression – bringing together of joint surfaces

50
Q

End Feel

A

the feeling at the end of a joint’s motion

51
Q

Bony (hard)

A

end range extension of elbow

52
Q

Capsular

A

(firm but some give) – accompanied with loss of ROM

53
Q

Empty (no resistance)

A

patient asks to stop the motion, though no palpable barrier is felt

54
Q

concave on convex

A

opposite- superior rolling inferior sliding

55
Q

convex on concave

A

opposite direction

56
Q

Close-packed

A

position where
joint surfaces are most in
contact with each other.

57
Q

Loose-packed

A

position where
joint surfaces are least in
contact with each other.

58
Q

The kinetic chain refers to your

A

upper extremity (shoulders, elbows, wrists, and
fingers) in a chain of joints,
lower extremities (hips, knees, ankles, and
feet) in a chain

59
Q

Open chain movements

A

occur when your feet/hands are free to
move, and your hips/shoulders are moving less or not at all. Distal portion is
moving, proximal portion is stationary.

60
Q

Closed chain movements

A

occur when your feet/hands are
relatively fixed, and your hips/shoulders are moving more. Distal portion is
stationary, proximal portion is moving

61
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

moves the bones

62
Q

Smooth muscle

A

lines the walls of your
arteries and intestines

63
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart

63
Q

Muscle Anatomy- Many Fast Mice Move Swiftly

A

MUSCLE- Wrapped in epimysium
FASCICLES – bundles in muscle wrapped in perimysium)
MYOFIBERS (“muscle fibers”) – many make up fascicles- Cellular level-Wrapped in endomysium
MYOBIBRILS – made up of actin and myosin myofilaments
SARCOMERES – one contractile unit of muscle between Z lines

64
Q

Sarcomere

A

single section of myofibril between Z-lines
containing actin and myosin; one contractile unit

65
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

actin and myosin myofilaments form
and break bonds, and in the
process slide one over the
other, when a muscle shortens
as it contracts.

66
Q

Excursion of a Muscle

A

 The degree that a muscle can change in
length
 Generally a muscle can shorten or
elongate by half of its resting length
 Ex: If resting length is 8”, then it can be
stretched to 12” or shortened
(contracted) to 4”. So it’s excursion is 8”

67
Q
  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
A
  1. attachment that is least
    moveable. Usually, this is the
    proximal end.
  2. attachment that is
    most moveable. Usually this is
    the distal end. Both ends move toward the center.
68
Q

Fusiform
(muscle shapes)

A

Provide lots of
ROM, but not strong by shape

69
Q

Triangular
(muscle shapes)

A

Origin is large,
insertion is small, which is
good for force production

70
Q

Rhomboidal
(muscle shapes)

A

Large origin
and insertion make them good
stabilizer and good at force
production

71
Q

Pennate
(muscle shapes)

A

Diagonal orientation
of fibers give it very good
strength, but little ROM offered

72
Q

Strap
(muscle shapes)

A

provides contraction over a
large range of motion, but unable
to generate as much force as a pennate
muscle

73
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

A muscle is stronger mid range compared to
being shortened or lengthened
-Due to number of sarcomeres available to
“help out.”

74
Q

active insufficiency

A

The muscle becomes too short to
allow for further contraction.
ex) not being able to kick your foot back as far without pulling it with your arm
-Due to length-tension relationship of
muscle, in a two-joint muscle it is not
possible to actively shorten the muscle
over both joints

75
Q

passive insufficiency

A

Due to length-tension relationship of
muscle, in a two-joint muscle it is not
possible to actively shorten the muscle
over both joints
ex) when touching your toes, you can get closer to the ground by bending your knees than with your legs straight/extended

76
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle contraction in which
the muscle length is
lengthening. Muscle is acting to
lower a load, slow down
movement, or absorb forces

77
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle contraction in which the
muscle length is shortening.
Muscle is acting to lift a load.

78
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Muscle contraction in which the muscle
length is not changing. Muscle is acting to
stabilize or hold a load.

79
Q

Motor Units

A

A motor unit is a nerve fiber and the
muscle fibers it innervates.
 Motor units are spread out within a
muscle to ensure that when a motor
unit contracts, it doesn’t happen on
just one side of the muscle.

80
Q

“All or None Principle”
of Muscle Contraction

A

When a motor nerve fires, ALL of the muscle fibers
that it innervates will contract. None are permitted to
stay relaxed.

81
Q

Recruitment

A

Recruitment refers to the number of
motor units that are activated. As more
strength is needed, more motor units are
recruited to fire simultaneously.

82
Q

Wave Summation

A

“The pace at which nerve signals
are fired through a motor unit.”

83
Q

Type I
types of fibers

A

slow twitch fibers. These fibers are slow to contract, but
fatigue slowly. Made for sustained contractions and endurance.

84
Q

Type IIA
types of fibers

A

larger fast twitch fibers. Contract more rapidly than Type I,
but fatigue more rapidly. Made for more powerful contractions and
strength.

85
Q

Type IIB (aka IIx)
types of fibers

A

largest, and most powerful fibers. Fire rapidly but
fatigue very quickly. Explosive contractions

86
Q

Agonist

A

the muscle that causes the movement. Also
called the prime mover.

87
Q

Antagonist

A

the muscle that performs the opposite
motion of the agonist. When agonist contracts, the
antagonist must length by relaxing or eccentrically
contracting.

88
Q

Synergist

A

a muscle that assists the prime mover by
stabilizing, providing weak assistance, or neutralizing
unwanted movement. Ex: gastrocnemius, gracilis,
Sartorius assist in knee flexion.

89
Q

Co-contraction

A

when the agonist and antagonist
contract at the same time

90
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

 Brain
 Spinal cord
Controller of all movement. (CNS)

91
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

 Somatic nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Parasympathetic nervous system
sensory and motor nerves that run between the CNS
and the body. (PNS)

92
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

lies beside the spinal cord and controls blood vessels,
organs, glands.
Includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and
parasympathetic (rest and digest)

93
Q

synapse

A

the junction
between neurons,
where one nerve cell
tells other nerve cells
what’s up

94
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

where a motor nerve
synapses with a muscle
fiber

95
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

◦ Inhibitory sensor found at
the musculo-tendinous
junction.
◦ Notifies spinal cord of
tension in the
muscle/tendon.
◦ Response is muscle
relaxation to protect against
damage.

96
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

◦ Specialized muscle fiber that is
sensitive to stretch.
◦ Notifies the spinal cord about
velocity of stretch and the
amount of stretch.
◦ Response to rapid stretch is to
contract muscle to prevent
overstretch damage.

97
Q

Ruffini end organs

A

activated when joint is in motion or static; slower response

97
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

sense fast pressure changes around joint capsule; active
during movement only

98
Q

Reflex

A

automatic response to
stimuli that requires no conscious
thought

99
Q

Reflex arc

A

the pathway followed
by nerve impulses to produce a
response

100
Q

Stretch reflex

A

stretch of tendon
causes muscle to contract; protects
muscle by shortening it to avoid
over-stretching

101
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

“I can’t shorten if you don’t lengthen.”

PTA (2 decks)

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