Functional Anatomy and Training Instructions

Question 1

Bone disease which causes skeletal structures to become brittle and fragile, often leading to fractures and disability.

Answer 1

Osteoporosis

Question 2

Skeleton consists of two segments, what are they?

Answer 2

axial and appendicular

Question 3

Transverse cartilage plates located near the end of long bones are responsible for increases in vertical growth during childhood/adolescence.

Answer 3

Epiphyseal plate

Question 4

What are the four bone types called? Simple names

Answer 4

Short, Long, Flat, and Irregular

Question 5

The intersection of two bones is called?

Answer 5

Joints

Question 6

Uses synovial fluid to reduce frictional stresses and allow for considerable movement between the associated articulating bones.

Answer 6

Synovial Joint

Question 7

Hold bones together at joints.

Answer 7

Ligaments

Question 8

Connects muscles to bones

Answer 8

Tendons

Question 9

Fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates full muscles as well as bundles of fibers; provides the muscle’s shape and regulates tension/transfer of force across joints

Answer 9

Muscle Fascia

Question 10

Nerve information is carried via

Answer 10

Action Potential

Question 11

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Answer 11

Motor Unit

Question 12

__________ is dictated by motor unit firing rate, recruitment and synchronicity.

Answer 12

Force Production

Question 13

Muscle that contracts/shortens during a given exercise (e.g., biceps during a curl) *Not a contraction term

Answer 13

Agonist

Question 14

Muscle that relaxes and lengthens during a given exercise to accommodate contraction of the agonist (e.g., triceps during a biceps curl) *Not a contraction term

Answer 14

Antagonist

Question 15

Tension remains constant while joint angles change. (Muscle Contraction)

Answer 15

Isotonic

Question 16

Occurs during the acceleration phase of a lift as the muscle shortens. (Muscle Contraction)

Answer 16

Concentric

Question 17

Occurs during the deceleration phase of a lift as the muscle lengthens. (Muscle Contraction)

Answer 17

Eccentric

Question 18

Tension is created but no joint angle changes; common in stabilizers. (Muscle Contraction)

Answer 18

Isometric

Question 19

Involves a constant speed of movement; requires specialized rehab equipment. (Muscle Contraction)

Answer 19

Isokinetic

Question 20

Splits the body into left and right halves; includes exercises that require forward-backward movement.
EX. Lunge

Answer 20

Sagittal Plan

Question 21

Splits the body into front and back halves; includes exercises that require side-to-side movement.
EX. Lateral raises

Answer 21

Frontal Plan

Question 22

Splits the body into top and bottom halves; includes exercises that require rotation.
EX. Oblique Twists

Answer 22

Transverse Plan

Question 23

The median plane of the body.

Answer 23

Midline

Question 24

Located before or in front.

Answer 24

Anterior

Question 25

Located behind or toward the rear.

Answer 25

Posterior

Question 26

Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin.

Answer 26

Proximal

Question 27

Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin

Answer 27

Distal

Question 28

Above another given structure

Answer 28

Superior

Question 29

Below another given structure.

Answer 29

Inferior

Question 30

Toward the midline or center of the body.

Answer 30

Medial

Question 31

Situated or extending away from the midline of the body.

Answer 31

Lateral

Question 32

On, or relating too, the same side of the body.

Answer 32

lpsilateral

Question 33

On, or relating too, the opposite side of the body.

Answer 33

Contralateral

Question 34

Shallow proximity in relation to a surface.

Answer 34

Superficial

Question 35

Extending inward in relation to a surface layer.

Answer 35

Deep

Question 36

State of proper postural position that includes four major curvatures (promotes efficient movement). a. Forward Spine b. Backward Spine c. Neutral Spine d. Postural Spine

Answer 36

c. Neutral Spine

Question 37

An (inward) curvature of the spine. Cervical and Lumbar regions of the spine. (Spine)

Answer 37

Lordotic

Question 38

Convex (outward) spinal curvature. Thoracic and sacral regions of the spine. (Spine)

Answer 38

Kyphotic

Question 39

Joint complex that includes articulations between the sternum and clavicle (sternoclavicular joint) and the clavicle and scapula (acromioclavicular joint) a. Shoulder girdle b. Shoulder joint c. Shoulder cuff

Answer 39

a. Shoulder girdle

Question 40

Efficiency of joint structures; primarily consists of bones and connective tissues. (Passive)

Answer 40

Form Closure

Question 41

Support of soft tissues which help maintain joint position; primarily consists of muscles and fascia. (Active)

Answer 41

Force Closure

Question 42

Refers to the force across body segments or chain of force transfer involved in properly moving the body.

Answer 42

Kinetic Chain

Question 43

Describes the cooperation and coordination between bodily systems. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 43

Integrated model of Function

Question 44

Suggests the body can manage environments and conditions efficiently, without undue stress or restriction. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 44

Function

Question 45

Suggests reduced performance efficiency and injury risk due to musculoskeletal deficiencies that create poor posture, faulty movement patterns, and/or incorrect biomechanics. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 45

Dysfunction

Question 46

Refers to neuromuscular activation within motor units to produce movement via appropriate force. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 46

Motor Control

Question 47

Includes ligaments, tendons, muscle, and fascia that provide support and stability. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 47

Force Closure

Question 48

Describes the structural aspects of the body and the specific architecture of joints; defining characteristics of joints stem from their structure, orientation, and shape:. (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 48

Form Closure

Question 49

Identifies the relationship between the brain and working muscles during physical actions. a. form b. closure c. emotion d. neuron (Understanding Human Function)

Answer 49

c. emotion

Question 50

Local stabilizers that support the spine/pelvis a. Inner Unit b. Outer Unit (Muscular Units for Transfer of Force)

Answer 50

a. inner unit

Question 51

(myofascial sling systems) global stabilizers that work reactively to control body segments and provide functional force closure. a. inner unit b. outer unit (Muscular Units for Transfer of Force)

Answer 51

b. outer unit

Question 52

Helps maintain proper intra-abdominal pressure to manage flexion/extension of the spine. Delayed firing of this muscle is associated with poor core stability and lower back pain a. pelvic floor b. diaphragm c. multifidus d. transverse abdominis (TVA) (Inner Unit)

Answer 52

Transverse Abdominis (TVA)

Question 53

“Hoop tension” which connect moving segments of the vertebrae – a circle of stability like a belt. a. diaphragm b. multifidus c. transverse abdominis (TVA) d. pelvic floor (Inner Unit)

Answer 53

Multifidus

Question 54

Serves as a respiratory muscle and local stabilizer via top-down support; can serve both purposes simultaneously. a. pelvic floor b. diaphragm c. multifidus d. transverse abdominis (TVA) (Inner Unit)

Answer 54

diaphragm

Question 55

Stabilizes the front and back by acting on the pelvis, may initiate and capture force within the inner unit. a. (TVA) b. multifidus c. diaphragm d. pelvic floor (Inner Unit)

Answer 55

pelvic floor

Question 56

Integrates with central stabilizers to form a structural “force transfer bridge” between the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle. (Outer Unit)

Answer 56

Posterior oblique sling system

Question 57

Complementarily opposes the posterior oblique system via the combined function of the obliques, adductors, and abdominal fascia. (Outer Unit)

Answer 57

Anterior oblique sling system

Question 58

Includes the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia (low back), multifidus, and sacrotuberous ligament connecting with the hamstrings; extends to the lower extremities. (Outer Unit)

Answer 58

Deep longitudinal sling system

Question 59

Includes the hip abductors, quadratus lumborum, and thigh adductors to provide frontal plane stability and aid in vertical/horizontal bipedal and climbing motions. (Outer Unit)

Answer 59

Lateral sling system

Question 60

A lifted and outwardly-rotated scapular position; it appears to protrude posteriorly away from the ribcage - causes shoulder complex dysfunction and potential pain. a. Lordosis b. Kyphosis c. Winged Scapulae d. Upper Cross Syndrome (Postural Distortions)

Answer 60

Winged Scapulae

Question 61

Upper body postural distortion that presents as a forward head, raised, internally-rotated, or rounded/forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature; contributes to upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for the upper body. a. Lordosis b. Kyphosis c. Winged Scapulae d. Upper Cross Syndrome (Postural Distortions)

Answer 61

Upper Cross Syndrome

Question 62

excessive convex curvature of the thoracic spine presenting as a bowed/rounded back; contributes to upper back pain and a significant decline in shoulder mobility a. Lordosis b. Kyphosis c. Winged Scapulae d. Upper Cross Syndrome (Postural Distortions)

Answer 62

Kyphosis

Question 63

Excessive concavity or inward curvature of the lumbar spine; usually presents as part of the lower cross syndrome and contributes to lower back pain and hip dysfunction. a. Lordosis b. Kyphosis c. Winged Scapulae d. Upper Cross Syndrome (Postural Distortions)

Answer 63

Lordosis

Question 64

Lower body distortion characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis with lordosis due to severe muscular imbalance in the lumbo-pelvic region; contributes to significant core instability, lower body training limitations and lower back pain. a. Lordosis b. Kyphosis c. Winged Scapulae d. Lower Cross Syndrome (Postural Distortions)

Answer 64

Lower Cross Syndrome

Question 65

Activities aimed at restoring or enhancing joint function via improvements in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems.

Answer 65

Corrective Exercise

Question 66

Is developed to formulate a comprehensive training plan with starting points.

Answer 66

Needs analysis

Question 67

Dictates that areas/issues of greatest need are addressed as an initial priority in the training program before anything else.

Answer 67

Prioritization Model

Question 68

Repeated exposure to a movement pattern which enhances efficiency over time due to increased neuromuscular proficiency. (Corrective Strategies)

Answer 68

Motor Rehearsal

Question 69

Force is applied to a distally-fixed position, forcing the body to stabilize segments across the kinetic chain – the body moves around the object.

Answer 69

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Question 70

Force is applied to a moveable object around a distally-fixed position, reducing stability requirements but allowing for more isolated loading – the object moves around the body.

Answer 70

Open Kinetic Chain Exercise

Question 71

Military press Open Kinetic Chain Exercise or Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Answer 71

Open

Question 72

Bench Press Open Kinetic Chain Exercise or Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Answer 72

Closed

Question 73

Leg Curls Open Kinetic Chain Exercise or Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Answer 73

Open

Question 74

Deadlift and Squat Open Kinetic Chain Exercise or Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise

Answer 74

Closed

Question 75

Both working limbs are connected to the same load which minimizes the stability demands while increasing the potential for loading (two arms or two legs).

Answer 75

Closed Circuit Exercise

Question 76

Each limb must manage a separate load on its own which increases localized stability demands while increasing the potential for range of motion.

Answer 76

Open Circuit Exercise

Question 77

Barbell Bench Press | Leg Press

Answer 77

closed

Question 78

dumbbell chest press

Answer 78

open

Question 79

dumbbell Lunges

Answer 79

open

Question 80

leg press

Answer 80

closed