Functional Anatomy and Training Instructions Flashcards
Bone disease which causes skeletal structures to become brittle and fragile, often leading to fractures and disability.
Osteoporosis
Skeleton consists of two segments, what are they?
axial and appendicular
Transverse cartilage plates located near the end of long bones are responsible for increases in vertical growth during childhood/adolescence.
Epiphyseal plate
What are the four bone types called? Simple names
Short, Long, Flat, and Irregular
The intersection of two bones is called?
Joints
Uses synovial fluid to reduce frictional stresses and allow for considerable movement between the associated articulating bones.
Synovial Joint
Hold bones together at joints.
Ligaments
Connects muscles to bones
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates full muscles as well as bundles of fibers; provides the muscle’s shape and regulates tension/transfer of force across joints
Muscle Fascia
Nerve information is carried via
Action Potential
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor Unit
__________ is dictated by motor unit firing rate, recruitment and synchronicity.
Force Production
Muscle that contracts/shortens during a given exercise (e.g., biceps during a curl) *Not a contraction term
Agonist
Muscle that relaxes and lengthens during a given exercise to accommodate contraction of the agonist (e.g., triceps during a biceps curl) *Not a contraction term
Antagonist
Tension remains constant while joint angles change. (Muscle Contraction)
Isotonic
Occurs during the acceleration phase of a lift as the muscle shortens. (Muscle Contraction)
Concentric
Occurs during the deceleration phase of a lift as the muscle lengthens. (Muscle Contraction)
Eccentric
Tension is created but no joint angle changes; common in stabilizers. (Muscle Contraction)
Isometric
Involves a constant speed of movement; requires specialized rehab equipment. (Muscle Contraction)
Isokinetic
Splits the body into left and right halves; includes exercises that require forward-backward movement.
EX. Lunge
Sagittal Plan
Splits the body into front and back halves; includes exercises that require side-to-side movement.
EX. Lateral raises
Frontal Plan
Splits the body into top and bottom halves; includes exercises that require rotation.
EX. Oblique Twists
Transverse Plan
The median plane of the body.
Midline
Located before or in front.
Anterior
Located behind or toward the rear.
Posterior
Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin.
Proximal
Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin
Distal
Above another given structure
Superior
Below another given structure.
Inferior
Toward the midline or center of the body.
Medial
Situated or extending away from the midline of the body.
Lateral
On, or relating too, the same side of the body.
lpsilateral
On, or relating too, the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral
Shallow proximity in relation to a surface.
Superficial
Extending inward in relation to a surface layer.
Deep
State of proper postural position that includes four major curvatures (promotes efficient movement).
a. Forward Spine
b. Backward Spine
c. Neutral Spine
d. Postural Spine
c. Neutral Spine
An (inward) curvature of the spine.
Cervical and Lumbar regions of the spine.
(Spine)
Lordotic
Convex (outward) spinal curvature.
Thoracic and sacral regions of the spine.
(Spine)
Kyphotic
Joint complex that includes articulations between the sternum and clavicle (sternoclavicular joint) and the clavicle and scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
a. Shoulder girdle
b. Shoulder joint
c. Shoulder cuff
a. Shoulder girdle
Efficiency of joint structures; primarily consists of bones and connective tissues. (Passive)
Form Closure
Support of soft tissues which help maintain joint position; primarily consists of muscles and fascia. (Active)
Force Closure
Refers to the force across body segments or chain of force transfer involved in properly moving the body.
Kinetic Chain
Describes the cooperation and coordination between bodily systems.
(Understanding Human Function)
Integrated model of Function
Suggests the body can manage environments and conditions efficiently, without undue stress or restriction.
(Understanding Human Function)
Function
Suggests reduced performance efficiency and injury risk due to musculoskeletal deficiencies that create poor posture, faulty movement patterns, and/or incorrect biomechanics.
(Understanding Human Function)
Dysfunction
Refers to neuromuscular activation within motor units to produce movement via appropriate force.
(Understanding Human Function)
Motor Control
Includes ligaments, tendons, muscle, and fascia that provide support and stability.
(Understanding Human Function)
Force Closure
Describes the structural aspects of the body and the specific architecture of joints; defining characteristics of joints stem from their structure, orientation, and shape:.
(Understanding Human Function)
Form Closure
Identifies the relationship between the brain and working muscles during physical actions.
a. form
b. closure
c. emotion
d. neuron
(Understanding Human Function)
c. emotion
Local stabilizers that support the spine/pelvis
a. Inner Unit
b. Outer Unit
(Muscular Units for Transfer of Force)
a. inner unit
(myofascial sling systems) global stabilizers that work reactively to control body segments and provide functional force closure.
a. inner unit
b. outer unit
(Muscular Units for Transfer of Force)
b. outer unit
Helps maintain proper intra-abdominal pressure to manage flexion/extension of the spine. Delayed firing of this muscle is associated with poor core stability and lower back pain
a. pelvic floor
b. diaphragm
c. multifidus
d. transverse abdominis (TVA)
(Inner Unit)
Transverse Abdominis (TVA)
“Hoop tension”
which connect moving segments of the vertebrae – a circle of stability like a belt.
a. diaphragm
b. multifidus
c. transverse abdominis (TVA)
d. pelvic floor
(Inner Unit)
Multifidus
Serves as a respiratory muscle and local stabilizer via top-down support; can serve both purposes simultaneously.
a. pelvic floor
b. diaphragm
c. multifidus
d. transverse abdominis (TVA)
(Inner Unit)
diaphragm
Stabilizes the front and back by acting on the pelvis, may initiate and capture force within the inner unit.
a. (TVA)
b. multifidus
c. diaphragm
d. pelvic floor
(Inner Unit)
pelvic floor
Integrates with central stabilizers to form a structural “force transfer bridge” between the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle.
(Outer Unit)
Posterior oblique sling system
Complementarily opposes the posterior oblique system via the combined function of the obliques, adductors, and abdominal fascia.
(Outer Unit)
Anterior oblique sling system
Includes the erector spinae and thoracolumbar fascia (low back), multifidus, and sacrotuberous ligament connecting with the hamstrings; extends to the lower extremities.
(Outer Unit)
Deep longitudinal sling system
Includes the hip abductors, quadratus lumborum, and thigh adductors to provide frontal plane stability and aid in vertical/horizontal bipedal and climbing motions.
(Outer Unit)
Lateral sling system
A lifted and outwardly-rotated scapular position; it appears to protrude posteriorly away from the ribcage - causes shoulder complex dysfunction and potential pain.
a. Lordosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Winged Scapulae
d. Upper Cross Syndrome
(Postural Distortions)
Winged Scapulae
Upper body postural distortion that presents as a forward head, raised, internally-rotated, or rounded/forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature; contributes to upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for the upper body.
a. Lordosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Winged Scapulae
d. Upper Cross Syndrome
(Postural Distortions)
Upper Cross Syndrome
excessive convex curvature of the thoracic spine presenting as a bowed/rounded back; contributes to upper back pain and a significant decline in shoulder mobility
a. Lordosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Winged Scapulae
d. Upper Cross Syndrome
(Postural Distortions)
Kyphosis
Excessive concavity or inward curvature of the lumbar spine; usually presents as part of the lower cross syndrome and contributes to lower back pain and hip dysfunction.
a. Lordosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Winged Scapulae
d. Upper Cross Syndrome
(Postural Distortions)
Lordosis
Lower body distortion characterized by an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis with lordosis due to severe muscular imbalance in the lumbo-pelvic region; contributes to significant core instability, lower body training limitations and lower back pain.
a. Lordosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Winged Scapulae
d. Lower Cross Syndrome
(Postural Distortions)
Lower Cross Syndrome
Activities aimed at restoring or enhancing joint function via improvements in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems.
Corrective Exercise
Is developed to formulate a comprehensive training plan with starting points.
Needs analysis
Dictates that areas/issues of greatest need are addressed as an initial priority in the training program before anything else.
Prioritization Model
Repeated exposure to a movement pattern which enhances efficiency over time due to increased neuromuscular proficiency.
(Corrective Strategies)
Motor Rehearsal
Force is applied to a distally-fixed position, forcing the body to stabilize segments across the kinetic chain – the body moves around the object.
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Force is applied to a moveable object around a distally-fixed position, reducing stability requirements but allowing for more isolated loading – the object moves around the body.
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
Military press
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
or
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Open
Bench Press
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
or
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Closed
Leg Curls
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
or
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Open
Deadlift and Squat
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
or
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Closed
Both working limbs are connected to the same load which minimizes the stability demands while increasing the potential for loading (two arms or two legs).
Closed Circuit Exercise
Each limb must manage a separate load on its own which increases localized stability demands while increasing the potential for range of motion.
Open Circuit Exercise
Barbell Bench Press
Leg Press
closed
dumbbell chest press
open
dumbbell Lunges
open
leg press
closed
