Functional Anatomy

Question 1

What are the 3 anatomical planes? Explain them

Answer 1

Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right
Coronal plane - (aka frontal) divides the body into front and back
Transversal plane - (aka horizontal) divides the body into upper and lower half

Question 2

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

1. Support
2. Protection (vital organs)
3. Movement
4. Storage (elements in the bone marrow)
5. RBC Production

Question 3

What is the purpose of a reflex action?

Answer 3

To protect the body from harm. Reflex actions do not require input from the brain.

Question 4

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

Answer 4

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Question 5

Explain the characteristics and functions of skeletal muscles.

Answer 5

Characteristics

• voluntary (under conscience control)
• connected to the bone throughout the body

Function

• pull on bones
• information is sent from the brain down the spinal cord, then to the target muscle for muscle contraction for movement to occur

Question 6

Explain the characteristics and functions of cardiac muscles.

Answer 6

Characteristics

• involuntary
• muscles of the heart

Function
- pump blood out of the heart chambers for supply to the body

Question 7

Explain the characteristics and functions of smooth muscles.

Answer 7

Characteristics

• involuntary
• blood vessels, walls of the digestive system and internal organs

Function
- move food down the digestive track

Question 8

What are the 4 types of bones? Give an example for each

Answer 8

1. Long bones (femur)
2. Short bones (carpals)
3. Flat bones (sternum, cranium)
4. Irregular bones (spine)

Question 9

What is extension?

Answer 9

An increase in an angle joint

Question 10

What is flexion?

Answer 10

A decrease in an angle joint

Question 11

What is adduction?

Answer 11

Movement towards the midline of he body

Question 12

What is abduction?

Answer 12

Movement away from the midline of the body

Question 13

What is pronation?

Answer 13

Movement of the hand into a palm-down position

Question 14

What is supination?

Answer 14

Movement of the hand into a palm-down position

Question 15

Explain Type 1 muscle fibres

Answer 15

• slow twitch
• oxidative
• red
• fatigue resistant

Question 16

Explain Type 2a muscle fibres

Answer 16

• fast twitch
• oxidative
• red
• partially aerobic

Question 17

Explain Type 2b muscle fibres

Answer 17

• fast twitch
• glycolytic
• white
• purely anaerobic

Question 18

Define origin. Give an example relating to the upper arm.

Answer 18

Where the muscle attaches to the static (more stable) bone. (Eg. Origin of the biceps is at the shoulder)

Question 19

Define insertion. Give an example relating to the upper arm.

Answer 19

The point at which the muscle attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts. (Eg. The insertion of the biceps is the elbow joint)

Question 20

What is concentric muscle contraction?

Answer 20

Occurs when the muscle shortens during contraction

Question 21

What is eccentric muscle contraction?

Answer 21

Occurs when the muscle lengthens during creating tension

Question 22

What is isometric muscle contraction?

Answer 22

Occurs when muscle is generation a force but no change in length

Question 23

What is muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 23

When muscle bulk increases

Question 24

Agonist vs antagonist. Give an example

Answer 24

Agonist (aka primer mover)

• muscles that when contracted, are responsible for the movement
• eg. The bicep contracts

Antagonist

• the muscle the relaxes, allowing the movement created by the agonist to occur
• eg. The tricep relaxes

Question 25

Range of movement is determined by... (5)

Answer 25

1. Structure of bones 2. Placement of ligaments 3. Origin/insertion 4. Muscle flexibility 5. Size of the bone

Question 26

What are the 3 types of joints? Give and example for each

Answer 26

Fibrous - no movement (skull) Cartilaginous - slightly movable (ribs) Synovial - freely movable (knee)

Question 27

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example for each

Answer 27

1. Ball-and-socket joint (eg. Hip bone) 2. Hinge joint (eg. Knee joint) 3. Pivot joint (eg. Neck joint) 4. Saddle joint (eg. Thumb) 5. Gliding joint (eg. Metacarpals) 6. Ovoid (eg. Wrist)

Question 28

Where does gas exchange occur and what is its purpose?

Answer 28

Gas exchange occurs in the lungs or more explicitly at the alveoli (air sacks). The process involves removing CO2 (via expiration) and re-oxygenating the blood.

Question 29

What are the 3 blood vessels of the body? Briefly explain what they do

Answer 29

1. Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart 2. Capillaries - allow oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients to be exchanged from the blood stream into the tissues 3. Veins - carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

Question 30

Explain how blood travels through blood vessels.

Answer 30

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules , veins

Question 31

Red blood cells are well suited to their function to oxygen transport because they;

Answer 31

1. Contain haemoglobin 2. Have no nucleus (more room for haemoglobin molecules) 3. Shaped bi-concave (increased surface area for oxygen exchange)

Question 32

Explain how oxygen is transported into the blood stream

Answer 32

3% dissolved in plasma | 97% as oxyhaemoglobin

Question 33

Explain how carbon dioxide is transported into the blood stream

Answer 33

8% dissolved in plasma 22% as carbominohaemoglobin 70% as bicarbonate ions

Question 34

The functions of respiratory system;

Answer 34

1. Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs 2. Gases exchange 3. Expel carbon dioxide from the lungs to the atmosphere 4. Create speech (air passes through the vocal cords helping with the creation of speech) 5. Facilitates sense of smell