Functional Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 3 anatomical planes? Explain them
Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right
Coronal plane - (aka frontal) divides the body into front and back
Transversal plane - (aka horizontal) divides the body into upper and lower half
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Protection (vital organs)
- Movement
- Storage (elements in the bone marrow)
- RBC Production
What is the purpose of a reflex action?
To protect the body from harm. Reflex actions do not require input from the brain.
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Explain the characteristics and functions of skeletal muscles.
Characteristics
- voluntary (under conscience control)
- connected to the bone throughout the body
Function
- pull on bones
- information is sent from the brain down the spinal cord, then to the target muscle for muscle contraction for movement to occur
Explain the characteristics and functions of cardiac muscles.
Characteristics
- involuntary
- muscles of the heart
Function
- pump blood out of the heart chambers for supply to the body
Explain the characteristics and functions of smooth muscles.
Characteristics
- involuntary
- blood vessels, walls of the digestive system and internal organs
Function
- move food down the digestive track
What are the 4 types of bones? Give an example for each
- Long bones (femur)
- Short bones (carpals)
- Flat bones (sternum, cranium)
- Irregular bones (spine)
What is extension?
An increase in an angle joint
What is flexion?
A decrease in an angle joint
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of he body
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
What is pronation?
Movement of the hand into a palm-down position
What is supination?
Movement of the hand into a palm-down position
Explain Type 1 muscle fibres
- slow twitch
- oxidative
- red
- fatigue resistant
Explain Type 2a muscle fibres
- fast twitch
- oxidative
- red
- partially aerobic
Explain Type 2b muscle fibres
- fast twitch
- glycolytic
- white
- purely anaerobic
Define origin. Give an example relating to the upper arm.
Where the muscle attaches to the static (more stable) bone. (Eg. Origin of the biceps is at the shoulder)
Define insertion. Give an example relating to the upper arm.
The point at which the muscle attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts. (Eg. The insertion of the biceps is the elbow joint)
What is concentric muscle contraction?
Occurs when the muscle shortens during contraction
What is eccentric muscle contraction?
Occurs when the muscle lengthens during creating tension
What is isometric muscle contraction?
Occurs when muscle is generation a force but no change in length
What is muscle hypertrophy?
When muscle bulk increases
Agonist vs antagonist. Give an example
Agonist (aka primer mover)
- muscles that when contracted, are responsible for the movement
- eg. The bicep contracts
Antagonist
- the muscle the relaxes, allowing the movement created by the agonist to occur
- eg. The tricep relaxes
Range of movement is determined by… (5)
- Structure of bones
- Placement of ligaments
- Origin/insertion
- Muscle flexibility
- Size of the bone
What are the 3 types of joints? Give and example for each
Fibrous - no movement (skull)
Cartilaginous - slightly movable (ribs)
Synovial - freely movable (knee)
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example for each
- Ball-and-socket joint (eg. Hip bone)
- Hinge joint (eg. Knee joint)
- Pivot joint (eg. Neck joint)
- Saddle joint (eg. Thumb)
- Gliding joint (eg. Metacarpals)
- Ovoid (eg. Wrist)
Where does gas exchange occur and what is its purpose?
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs or more explicitly at the alveoli (air sacks). The process involves removing CO2 (via expiration) and re-oxygenating the blood.
What are the 3 blood vessels of the body? Briefly explain what they do
- Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
- Capillaries - allow oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients to be exchanged from the blood stream into the tissues
- Veins - carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
Explain how blood travels through blood vessels.
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules , veins
Red blood cells are well suited to their function to oxygen transport because they;
- Contain haemoglobin
- Have no nucleus (more room for haemoglobin molecules)
- Shaped bi-concave (increased surface area for oxygen exchange)
Explain how oxygen is transported into the blood stream
3% dissolved in plasma
97% as oxyhaemoglobin
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported into the blood stream
8% dissolved in plasma
22% as carbominohaemoglobin
70% as bicarbonate ions
The functions of respiratory system;
- Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs
- Gases exchange
- Expel carbon dioxide from the lungs to the atmosphere
- Create speech (air passes through the vocal cords helping with the creation of speech)
- Facilitates sense of smell
