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PE Year 12 Exam Revison > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle types

A

Cardiac:

  • only found in the heart
  • involuntary

Smooth:

  • found in the diaphragm and in walls of blood vessels and intestines
  • involuntary

Skeletal:

  • muscle adjoining to skeletal bones and tendons
  • voluntary
  • Comes in two types:
    • Fusiform: - fibres run parallel to each other and produces quick but less powerful force
    • Penniform: - fibres run at an oblique angle and produce great force but tire easily
      • classified further into the way they branch from the tendon:
        • Unipennate: fibres are all on one side of the tendon enabling great strength
        • Bipennate: fibres are attached to both sides of the central tendon making them look like a feather. Great power but less range of motion
        • Mulitpennate: multiple rows of fibres attached to a central tendon which branch into two or more tendons
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2
Q

Muscle fibre type: Slow twitch / type 1

A
  • Red in colour
  • slow contraction speed
  • Aerobic energy source
  • low in glycogen
  • high in capillary blood flow
  • Best suited to endurance events
    Eg. Marathon should
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3
Q

Muscle fibre type: Fast twitch / type 2a

A
  • white in colour
  • recruited during high intensity work
  • medium fibre diameter
  • high in glycogen stores
  • medium amount of oxidative enzymes
  • medium ability to generate ATP
  • large neuronal size
  • medium speed of contraction
  • medium force of contraction
  • medium resistance to fatigue
  • medium aerobic capacity
  • high anaerobic capacity
  • suited for sprinting
    Eg. 200m
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4
Q

Muscle fibre type: Fast twitch / type 2b

A
  • white in colour
  • tires quickly
  • contract quickly and powerfully
  • large fibre diameter
  • low myoglobin content
  • high glycogen stores
  • low oxidative enzymes
  • large motor neuron size
  • suited for anaerobic work
    Eg. 100m
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5
Q

Muscle structure: Tendons

A
  • connective tissue adjoining muscles and bones
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6
Q

Muscle structure: Epimysium

A
  • thin connective casing of the muscle

- outside layer

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7
Q

Muscle structure: fascicle

A
  • bundles of muscle fibres inside epimysium
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9
Q

Muscle structure: endomysium

A
  • connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre
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10
Q

Muscle structure: muscle fibre

A
  • made up of hundreds of myofibril
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11
Q

Muscle structure: sarcolemma

A
  • thin casing of each muscle fibre
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12
Q

Muscle structure: myofibril

A
  • comprises each muscle fibre
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13
Q

Muscle structure: sarcomere

A
  • basic contractile unit of the muscle

Made up of:
Myosin - thick myofilament (red)
Actin - thin myofilament (blue)
Z-line - boundary between one sarcomere and the next
I band - region between adjacent A bands, both end of the sarcomere
A band - consists of thick and thin filaments, where contraction happens
H Zone - contains only myosin filament, middle of sarcomere

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14
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  • Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
  • acetylcholine is released (ACH)
  • presence of ACH causes depolarisation of the motor end plate
  • allows calcium to be released in to the middle
  • reaction between the myosin and the actin in each muscle fibre
  • this will only occur if there is sufficient calcium ions and ATP stores
  • Break down of ATP releases energy
  • Enables myosin filaments to cock like oars and form cross bridges between myosin and actin
  • Occurs in all sarcomere at the same time, they all shorten which is how the entire muscle appears to shorten
  • When fully contracted the filaments almost completely overlap causing the I band and the H zone to disappear
  • although the sarcomere changes length, the actin and myosin don’t change, they just overlap
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15
Q

Types of muscle action: Isometric

A
  • does not change length of muscle
  • joint angle also remains the same
    Adv:
  • no equipment required and can be done anywhere
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16
Q

Types of muscle action: Isotonic

A
  • length of muscle does change
  • Classified in two types:
    • concentric: - muscle shortens while it develops tension and the angle of one or more joints changes
    • eccentric - muscle lengthens as it develops tension
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17
Q

Types of muscle action: Isokinetic

A
  • muscle shortens as a constant speed
  • only achieved using special equipment
  • strengthens entire muscle
18
Q

Force - Velocity

A
  • the force a muscle can create will decrease with the increasing velocity of shortening
  • the force a muscle can resist increases when the velocity is increased
  • greatest amount of force can be developed during an isometric contraction
  • power is maximised when there is a combination of strength and speed or force and velocity
19
Q

Force - length

A
  • the length and angle at a joint impact how much force can be generated
  • longer muscles can create greater range of motion at a joint
  • shorter muscles produce greater amounts of force
20
Q

The nervous system

A 
- comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves and the sensory receptors 
Purposes:
- receive information
- process information
- carry out response
21
Q

Motor neuron and sensory neurons

A
  • conduct impulses from the brain to the muscles

- conduct impulses from the sensory organs or receptors to the brain (eg. Pain)

22
Q

Motor unit

A
  • refers to a single motor neuron and all its associated muscle fibres
  • can comprise of 4 to 1000 associated muscle fibres
  • small units create fine movement
  • large units are recruited for strength
23
Q

Neuromuscular responses to training

A
  • with strength training the first improvements are at the neuromuscular level
  • improved technique
  • recruitment of more motor units
  • increased firing rate of motor units
  • firing pattern of motor units are better recruited
24
Q

All or nothing principal

A
  • muscle fibres in a motor unit will only contract if a certain number of impulses is reached
  • when this happens they all contract at once with the same force and at the same time
  • like turning a light switch on or off, there is no in between
25
Q

Muscle innervation process

A
  • message is sent from the brain, leaving as an action potential
  • dendrites receive signals from the CNS and sends them to the cell body (soma)
  • axon extends from the axon hillock and sends messages to other cells (away from cell body)
  • Neucleus is the middle brain of the neuron
  • myelin and axon form the middle tube on a diagram

Bipolar: - one axon and one dendrite (found in nasal cavity)
Multipolar: - one axon and many dendrites (brain, spinal cord)
Unipolar: - single extension from soma, carry signals to spinal cord
Anaxonic: - many dendrites but no axons (found in retina)

26
Q

Muscle structure: perimysium

A
  • connective tissue surrounding the fascicle

PE Year 12 Exam Revison (5 decks)

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