FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY 2025.TT Flashcards
What are the three main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, and movement
Which muscle type has striations and is under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
Which protein makes up the thick filaments in muscle fibers?
Myosin
Which protein makes up the thin filaments in muscle fibers?
Actin
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
Sarcomere
What ion is necessary for muscle contraction?
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
What is the neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire muscle?
Epimysium
Which connective tissue layer surrounds muscle fascicles?
Perimysium
Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
What is the primary function of tendons?
Transmit mechanical force from muscle to bone
What is the primary function of ligaments?
Stabilize joints by connecting bone to bone
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone
Which type of muscle contraction does not change muscle length?
Isometric contraction
Which type of muscle contraction shortens the muscle?
Concentric contraction
Which type of muscle contraction lengthens the muscle under tension?
Eccentric contraction
What is the role of the myotendinous junction?
Transmits force between muscle and tendon
What is an enthesis?
The site where tendons or ligaments attach to bone
What are the three main types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion?
Ball-and-socket joint
Which joint type is found between vertebrae?
Cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricate joints and reduce friction
What structure produces synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
Which cartilage type is most flexible?
Elastic cartilage
Which bone cells regulate bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
Which bone cells regulate bone formation?
Osteoblasts
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain bone matrix and regulate bone remodeling
What is the function of the periosteum?
Protects bone, aids in fracture repair, and nourishes bone tissue
What structure connects the Haversian canals in compact bone?
Volkmann’s canals
What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bone?
Collagen (Type I)
What is the primary inorganic mineral in bone?
Hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate)
How does exercise affect bone density?
Increases bone density by stimulating osteoblast activity
Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which hormone lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts?
Calcitonin
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?
Vitamin D
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Red bone marrow
What happens in osteoporosis?
Bone resorption exceeds bone formation, leading to weaker bones
What is the role of fibrocartilage in joints?
Absorbs shock and provides structural support
Which joint type contains a joint capsule?
Synovial joint
