functional anatomy

Question 1

what are the 3 different types of muscle

types of muscle

Answer 1

1. smooth
2. cardiac
3. skeletal

Question 2

cardiac muscle

types of muscle

Answer 2

found in the heart only

Question 3

smooth muscle

types of muscle

Answer 3

found in blood vessel walls and vessels of the digestive system etc.

Question 4

skeletal muscle

types of muscle

Answer 4

can be controlled voluntarily to produce coordinated movement

Question 5

muscle (belly)

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 5

bundle of fascicles

Question 6

fascicle

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 6

a bundle of muscle fibres

Question 7

myofibril

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 7

thread like strand that runs through muscle fibre

Question 8

actin

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 8

thin myofilament used in muscle contraction

Question 9

myosin

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 9

thick myofilament with crossbridges. cross bridges

Question 10

epimysium

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 10

connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle - some of which extends to form the tendon

Question 11

perimysium

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 11

connective tissue which surrounds each fascicle (bundle of muscle fibres)

Question 12

endomysium

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 12

connective tissue which surrounds each individual muscle fibre

Question 13

sarcomere

structure of sarcomere

Answer 13

functional, contractile unit of a muscle fibre

Question 14

Z lines

structure of sarcomere

Answer 14

found at either end of the sarcomere

Question 15

actin

structure of sarcomere

Answer 15

the thin protein filament attached to the z line. binding sites

Question 16

3 types of muscle contraction

Answer 16

isometric
isotonic
isokinetic

Question 17

isotonic

divides into

Answer 17

concentric
eccentric

Question 18

Isometric

Answer 18

no change in length during contraction

Question 19

Concentric

Answer 19

Muscle shortens

Question 20

Eccentric

Answer 20

muscle lengthens due to braking effects or against gravity

Question 21

Isokinetic

Answer 21

muscle shortens at a constant speed, achieved using specialised equipment to create maximum tension through contraction.

machine opperated - dont have to worry about

Question 22

structure of skeletal muscle

list - 7

Answer 22

1. muscle belly
2. epimysium
3. endomysium
4. fascicle
5. perimysium
6. muscle fibre
7. myofibril

Question 23

2 types of muscle arrangement

Answer 23

Pennate
Fusiform

Question 24

Pennate arrangement

Answer 24

• fibres attach diagonally to the tendon
• contains more muscle fibres
• produces more force/strength

Question 25

Fusiform arrangement

Answer 25

- fibres run parallel to the tendon - fibres contract- entire muscle shortens by the same amount - suited to fast conditions - fast/speed and range of motion

Question 26

Pennate arrangement examples

Answer 26

- gastrocnemius - deltoid - shin - tibialis posterior

Question 27

Fusiform arrangement examples

Answer 27

- biceps - thigh - forearm

Question 28

4 different muscle arrangements

Answer 28

1. fusiform 2. uni-pennate 3. bi-pennate 4. multi-pennate

Question 29

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

stores calcium

Question 30

power stroke

Answer 30

myosin head moves towards M line pullling actin with it

Question 31

troponin

Answer 31

calcium attaches to, to move tropomyosin

Question 32

Tropomyosin

Answer 32

is moved so that binding sites can be reached/ accessed

Question 33

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 33

synaptic connection between nerve and muscle

Question 34

Binding sites

Answer 34

found on actin myofilament where myosin heads attach to to create a crosss bridge

Question 35

Sliding Filament Theory | 5 steps

Answer 35

1. Nerve impulse 2. Calcium binds to troponin 3. ATP breaks down 4. Myosin detaches 5. Muscle contraction

Question 36

Cross bridges

Answer 36

Tiny projections on myosin filaments that attach towards the actin filaments, moving the actin filaments upon contraction

Question 37

H zone

Answer 37

Space between the actin filaments

Question 38

A band

Answer 38

Contains both actin and myosin filaments (central area of sarcomere)

Question 39

I band

Answer 39

Contains only actin filaments (end of sarcomere near z lines)

Question 40

sarcomere when concentric contraction

Answer 40

H zone gets smaller, Z lines come closer together, actin filaments overlap

Question 41

sarcomere when eccentric contraction

Answer 41

H zone gets bigger, Z lines move further apart, actin filaments move further apart

Question 42

ACH

Answer 42

Acetylcholine

Question 43

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 43

a neurotransmitter

Question 44

Nervous system into; 2

Answer 44

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Question 45

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 45

Brain and spinal cord Responsible for - processing sensory info, - generating motor commands and - controlling the body’s vital functions

Question 46

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 46

Nerves branches outside the spinal cord that feed info to CNS and take messages back to the extremities

Question 47

slow twitch fibres

Answer 47

Type I

Question 48

fast twitch fibres

Answer 48

Type IIa Type IIb

Question 49

characteristics of Type I | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 50

characteristics of Type IIa | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 51

characteristics of Type IIb | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 52

'all or none' law states | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 53

a motor unit consists of | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 54

able to explain and draw the length/force relationship | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 55

able to explain and draw the velocity/force relationship | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 56

fibre recruitment | nothing yet need to fill out

Question 57

Asynchronous

Question 58

Synchronous