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Yoga Medicine > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue:
A. Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans & hyaluronic acid
B. Cells, fibers & ground substance
C. Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts & fasciacytes

A

B. Cells, fibers & ground substance

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2
Q

The opposite of stiffness is compliance.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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3
Q

What is strain?

A

The amount of deformation under load (i.e. compress, stretch, sheer, bend, torque)

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4
Q

What is stress?

A

The amount of internal resistance.

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5
Q

What is stiffness?

A

Resistance to deformation, the ratio of stress to strain (stiffer tissues=greater internal resistance)

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6
Q

What is compliance?

A

The opposite of stiffness. It is malleability or the ability to deform.

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7
Q

The first phase of stretch is the elastic phase.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It is the “toe region” which is the uncrimping of collagen.

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8
Q

What are the four phases of stretching?

A
  1. Toe region = uncrimping of collagen
  2. Elastic region = temporary deformation of tissue
  3. Plastic region = permanent deformation of tissue
  4. Failure region = tissue damage
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9
Q

A rubber band is an example of viscoelasticity.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. A rubber band is an example of elasticity (the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched). A gummy bear is an example of viscoelasticity (viscous and elastic properties under load)

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10
Q

Fascia has qualities of both viscoelasticity & plasticity.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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11
Q

Which layer of fascia specifically supports force transmission?
A. Superficial fascia
B. Deep fascia
C. Visceral fascia

A

B. Deep fascia.

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12
Q

What are the three functions of the superficial fascia?

A

Protect, support, communicate.

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13
Q

What are the four functions of the deep fascia?

A

Connect, coordinate, communicate, and transmit force.

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14
Q

Stress is the external resistance to deformation.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Stress is internal resistance. Stiffness is external resistance to deformation.

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15
Q

Greater tissue compliance means greater range of motion but also a loss of energy & decreased capacity to withstand force.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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16
Q

Stiffer tissues are able to withstand greater force and rebound more quickly.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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17
Q

Gram for gram, collagen 1 is stronger than steel.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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18
Q

The extracellular matrix is composed of:
A. Fibers, cells & ground substance
B. Fibers & ground substance
C. Fibroblasts & myofibroblasts
D. Fibers & cells

A

B. Fibers & ground substance

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19
Q

Loss of collagen crimp & disorganization of the collagen matrix will decrease its capacity to transmit force efficiently & effectively.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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20
Q

Excessive collagen crosslinks decrease tissue elasticity.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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21
Q

Disorganized collagen is usually due to:
A. Inadequate loading
B. Repetitive motion
C. Surgery
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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22
Q

Titin is a power amplifier in concentric muscle contractions.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It is eccentric, not concentric.

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23
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia is important for load transfer.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True, specifically between the upper and lower body.

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24
Q

Collagen synthesis peaks 7 days after exercise.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False, it is 3 days.

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25
Q

Elastic energy is stored in the
A. Collagen fibers
B. Elastin fibers
C. Reticular fibers
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above. Specifically tendons store and use elastic energy.

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26
Q

Loose CT has more ground substance than dense CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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27
Q

Loose CT creates the myofascial chains.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It is dense CT.

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28
Q

Cartilage is a type of CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True. Bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and fascia.

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29
Q

The joint capsule & ligaments receive more blood supply than the myofascial tissues.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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30
Q

The in parallel joint model was created by Dr Jaap Van Der Wall and shows a more efficient model.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. The In-series model is more efficient.

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31
Q

Intervertebral discs are a type of CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True, at least the annulus fibrosis.

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32
Q

The key features of ground substance are resistance to compression and its ability to facilitate gliding & lubrication.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True. Also includes communication and transportation between tissues, shock absorption, cellular metabolism, regulation inflammation and tissue repair, and vibration conduction.

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33
Q

Ground substance provides important shock absorption qualities to the CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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33
Q

GAG’s (Glycosaminoglycans) are hydrophobic (water-repelling).
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. They are hydrophilic (attract water).

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34
Q

The ground substance is an important mechanism for cell migration.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True. Specifically Hyaluronic Acid (HA)

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35
Q

Hyaluronan is found predominantly:
A. In the dense fascia
B. In the loose fascia
C. In the gliding layers
D. A & B
E. B & C
F. All of the above

A

E. B & C (loose fascia and gliding layers)

36
Q

Hyaluronan is always an anti-inflammatory substance.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. With higher weight it is anti-inflammatory. With lower weight it is inflammatory.

37
Q

Resting muscle tone comes from the viscoelastic properties of the myofascial CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

38
Q

Tissue stiffness is important for:
A. Jumping
B. Loading
C. Economical movement
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

39
Q

Due to creep, Yin yoga (passive, held stretches) decreases fascial stiffness and is best done before exercise.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Stiffness is often needed for exercise and compliant tissues can decrease athletic performance. Yin is recommended for restoration.

40
Q

Densification relates to an aggregation of collagen fibers.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True. And it leaves loose water molecules that then can’t be utilized for hydration.

41
Q

The deep fascia creates compartments to support movement efficiency.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

42
Q

The Iliotibial band is part of the crural fascia.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

43
Q

Our body is able to move efficiently & economically in part due to hydraulic amplification.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True. The hydraulic features of the body increases pressure through the whole system meaning that the muscles and tissues don’t have to work as hard. As well there is movement of essential substances because of the hydraulics.

44
Q

Preliminary research suggests that passive, held stretching may increase fascia hydration after a period of rest.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

45
Q

Myofibroblasts are the primary cell responsible for the maintenance of the ECM.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It’s fibroblasts.

46
Q

Cells are what define the mechanical properties of the CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

47
Q

Fibroblasts are the workhorse of the CT and define the mechanical properties of the CT.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

48
Q

Mechanical inputs are informing the fibroblasts to secrete more or less collagen.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

49
Q

Thickening of the collagen matrix INITIALLY is a negative adaptation of the CT in response to the demands associated with repetitive motion in athletic training.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Initially it is positive, not negative. Negative comes in medium/long term.

50
Q

Preliminary studies suggest that the active cellular contractility of fascial tissues may be able to impact musculoskeletal dynamics.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

51
Q

Myofibroblasts have a close connection to fascial stiffness & sympathetic activation through TGF-B1.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

52
Q

Fasciacytes are specialized cells for wound healing.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Myofibroblasts are for wound healing. Fasciacytes are devoted to HA (hyaluronic acid) production.

53
Q

Telocytes are mechanosensitive cells for communication.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

54
Q

Lymph nodes are concentrated around the joints to take advantage of pressure changes there to pump lymphatic fluid though them.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

55
Q

In the repair phase of wound healing collagen I replaces collagen III to create a stronger matrix.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Collagen I replaces collagen II in Stage III: Remodeling. Stage II: Repair is the foundational building.

56
Q

Fascia is probably more sensitive to pain that muscle due to its high density of sensory nerve innervation.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

57
Q

More accurate sensory information supports better motor output.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

58
Q

Which are types of mechanoreceptors:
A. Golgi organs
B. Ruffini endings
C. Free nerve endings
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

59
Q

Ruffini endings are responsive to slow, melting or constant pressure like with held, passive postures.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

60
Q

Which nerve responds to vibration or rapid changes in pressure:
A. Pacinian corpuscles
B. Ruffini endings
C. Golgi organs
D. Muscle spindles
E. Free nerve endings

A

A. Pacinian corpuscles

61
Q

Which type of CT has the greatest density of proprioceptors:
A. Loose CT
B. Tendons
C. Ligaments
D. Retinaculum

A

D. Retinaculum (a band of thickened tissue that holds tendons in place, especially around joints)

62
Q

Nociceptors are influenced by:
A. CT stiffness
B. Fibrosis
C. Gliding of CT
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

63
Q

Which is thought to be more of an interoceptive disorder:
A. Low back pain
B. Scoliosis
C. Whiplash
D. IBS

A

D. IBS. The rest are proprioceptive dysfunctions

64
Q

The highest density of interoceptors are found in the:
A. Deep fascia
B. Superficial fascia
C. Visceral fascia

A

C. Visceral fascia

65
Q

There are many more proprioceptors than interoceptors.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. 7x more interoceptors than proprioceptors.

66
Q

Interoceptive interventions require a slow, mindful attention that is more about listening than specific alignment.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

67
Q

Chronic sympathetic activation has been linked to decreased fascial stiffness.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It increases fascial stiffness.

68
Q

Fascia can be a pain generator.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

69
Q

Tensegrity models display a continuous compressive network & a discontinuous tension support.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

70
Q

The tensegrity structure of the CT extends all the way down to the cellular level.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

71
Q

Biotensegrity is a major stabilizing factor across the body.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

72
Q

Tensegrity blocks the cells ability to sense & respond to mechanical signals in the body.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It facilitates it.

73
Q

The CT is responsive to hormonal influences, specifically which two hormone groups?

A

Estrogen and endocannabinoids

74
Q

High estrogen decreases the production of collagen I & increases collage II and therefore increases CT elasticity.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It decreases collagen I and increases collagen III which is a more adaptable type of fascia.

75
Q

Endocannabinoid receptors can have powerful effects on inflammation & pain.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

76
Q

Endocannabinoids decrease hyaluronic acid production and therefore shift the ECM.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. It increases the production of HA.

77
Q

The main fascial changes happen through which of the following:
A. Cells
B. Fluids
C. Fibers
D. Nervous system changes
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

78
Q

Fascia provides a precious, uninterrupted tension network throughout the body that provides a valuable communication mechanism.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

79
Q

Healthy fascia is both pliable & strong, both of which are supported by good tissue hydration.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

80
Q

Healthy fascia is important for:
A. Force transmission
B. Pain regulation
C. Efficient & economical movement
D. Mobility
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

81
Q

New research suggests that fascial degeneration due to aging is irreversible, so use it while you can.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False. Though CT health tends to decline with age, regular exercise can shift the CT matrix back to a healthier state.

82
Q

Exercise tends to increase both collagen & HA production.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

83
Q

Held stretches can influence fluid dynamics, inflammation, fibrosis and nervous system regulation.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

84
Q

_____________________ is associated with a decrease in collagen production.

A

Diabetes. Glycation weakens collagen fibers, making them stiffer, less flexible, and more prone to breakage. Also, Diabetes can also interfere with the body’s ability to produce collagen, further weakening connective tissues. Chronic inflammation associated with diabetes can also negatively impact collagen synthesis and integrity.

85
Q

Connective tissue adapts to which three inputs?

A

Tension, compression, and sheer

86
Q

Define isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions.

A

Isometric Contraction:
Definition: A muscle contraction where the muscle length remains the same.
Example: Holding a plank pose, pushing against an immovable object (like a wall).

Concentric Contraction:
Definition: A muscle contraction where the muscle shortens.
Example: Lifting a weight, flexing your bicep.

Eccentric Contraction:
Definition: A muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while still exerting force.
Example: Lowering a weight slowly after lifting it, the downward phase of a squat.

Key Differences:
Isometric: No change in muscle length. Concentric: Muscle shortens.
Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while under tension.

87
Q

What are the stages of healing?

A

Stage 1: Inflammation. Purpose: protection. Duration: 3-7 days.
Stage 2: Repair. Purpose: building blocks put into place. Duration: 4-6 weeks.
Stage 3: Remodeling. Purpose: replace emergency repairs, stronger and more orderly collagen structure, create greater tensile strength.

Yoga Medicine (3 decks)

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