Functional anatomy Flashcards
What are the functions of muscle?
-Drive the circulatory system
-Maintain posture
-Produce heat to maintain internal body temperature
-Support and stabilize joints
-Protect inner organs from external impacts
-Move substances through the gut
What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscle for blood vessels and hollow organs like the stomach and intestines
What is skeletal muscle?
Muscle specialised for producing forces needed for body movements
What is cardiac muscle?
Muscles constituting heart specialised for involuntary cyclic contractions
what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the lower leg
-Tibialis anterior
-Extensor digitorum longus
-Extensor hallucis longus
-Peroneus/Fibularis tertius
Extensor digitorum longus
-The origin is the head of the fibula, upper two thirds of anterior surface of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia
-It inserts onto the tops of the middle and distal phalanges of the 4 lesser toes
-Contributes to ankle dorsiflexion, foot eversion and toe extension
Extensor hallucis longus
-The origin is the middle 2/3 of medial surface of anterior fibula
-It inserts into the top of the base of the distal phalange of great toe
-Contributes to ankle dorsiflexion and toe extension
Tibialis anterior
-O is upper2/3 of lateral surface of the tibia
-I onto the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
-contributes to ankle dorsiflexion and foot inversion
Peroneus/Fibularis tertius
-O is the distal third of anterior fibula
-It inserts onto superior aspect of metatarsal 5
-adds to dorsiflexion and foot eversion
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the lower leg
-Gastrocnemius
-Soleus
-Tibialis posterior
-Flexor digitorum longus
-Flexor hallucis longus
-Popliteus
-Plantaris
Tibialis posterior
-O is the posterior surface of the upper half of the interosseous membrane and adjacent surface of tibia and fibula
-It inserts onto the inferior surfaces of the navicular, cuboid and cuneiform bones along with the 2,3 and forth metatarsals
-Contributes to foot inversion and plantar flexion
Flexor digitorum longus
-Origin is the middle third of posterior surface of tibia
-Inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the lesser toes
-Its action is toe flexion, foot inversion and plantar flexion
Flexor hallucis longus
-O is middle 2/3 of posterior surface of the fibula
-Inserts onto the distal phalanx of metatarsal 1
-Action is flexion of toe, foot inversion and plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
-Origins are posterior surface of medial femoral condyle and the posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle
-Inserts on the posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achilles tendon)
-action performed is plantar flexion and flexion of the knee
Plantaris
-Origin is the inferior part of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the lateral femoral condyle, above the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
-It inserts into the Achilles like the gastrocnemius
-Contributes to plantar flexion
Soleus
-The origin is the posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal 2/3 of the posterior tibial surface
-Posterior surface of the calcaneus (Achillies tendon)
-Action is plantar flexion
Which muscles at the hip contribute to flexion
iliopsoas
pectineus
rectus femoris
sartorius
Which muscles at the hip contribute to abduction
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
External rotators
Tensor fasciae latae
Which hip muscles contribute to extension
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
External rotators
Which hip muscles contribute most to adduction
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Iliacus
-Origin is the inner surface of the ilium
-Inserts onto the lesser trochanter of the femur and the shaft just below
-causes flexion at the hip
Psoas major and minor
-Origin is the lumbar vertebrae and T12
-They insert onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
- Contributes to hip flexion, external hip rotation
Rectus femoris
-the origin is the anterior inferior iliac spine
-inserts onto the superior aspect of the patella and patell tendon to the tibial tuberosity
-causes hip flexion and knee extension
-crosses over two joints
Sartorius
- origin is the anterior superior iliac spine
-inserts onto anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle
-contributes to knee flexion and hip flexion as well as hip abduction and external rotation at the thigh
Pectineus
-origin is the pubis
-inserts onto the linea aspera of femur
-causes flexion of the hip, adduction and external rotation
Adductor brevis
-origin is the pubis
-inserts onto the linea aspera
-movement produced is hip adduction, external rotation as it adducts the hip and flexion of the hip
Adductor longus
-the origin is the pubis
-it inserts onto the middle third of the linea aspera of the femur
-causes hip adduction, external rotation and hip flexion
Adductor magnus
-origin is the pubis, ischium and ischial tuberosity
-inserts onto the linea aspera, medial condyloid ridge and adductor tubercle
-movements produced by this muscle are hip adduction, external rotation and extension of the hip
Gracilis
-origin is the inferior pubic ramus/ischial ramus
-inserts onto the medial surface of proximal tibia
-cause hip flexion and adduction along with knee flexion and weak internal rotation of the knee
-crosses two joints
Name the deep posterior external hip rotators
-piriformis
-gemellus superior
-gemellus inferior
-obturator externus
-obturator internus
-quadratus femoris
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh that articulate the hip joint?
-Iliacus
-psoas major and minor
-rectus femoris
-sartorius
Which muscles are in the medial compartment that articulate the hip joint?
-pectineus
-adductor longus
-adductor brevis
-adductor magnus
-gracilis
Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh that articulate the hip joint
-semitendinosus
-semimembranosus
-biceps femoris
-gluteus maximus
Which muscles in the lateral compartment of the thigh articulate at the hip
-gluteus medius
-gluteus minimus
-tensor fascia latae
Semitendinosus
-origin is the ischial tuberosity
-inserts onto the proximal end of tibia below the medial condyle
-causes hip extension and knee flexion
-goes over two joints
Semimembranosus
-origin is the ischial tuberosity
-inserts onto the posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle
-movements that it contributes to are hip extension and knee flexion as well as internal rotation of the hip and knee
-goes over 2 joints
Biceps femoris
-the origin of the long head is the ischial tuberosity, and the short head is the lower half of the linea aspera
-inserts onto the head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia
-the movements this muscle contributes to are flexion of the knee, extension of the hip and external rotation of the knee and hip
-bi-articular
Gluteus maximus
-the origin of the muscle is the lateroposterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx and the gluteal surface of the ilium
-it inserts onto the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur
-It causes hip extension, external hip rotation
Gluteus medius
- origin is the gluteal surface of the ilium
- inserts onto the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter
- causes hip abduction
Gluteus minimus
-origin is the lateral surface of the ilium
-inserts onto the anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
-movements produced are hip abduction and flexion
Tensor Fasciae latae
-Origin is the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
-inserts onto the lateral condyle of the tibia
-Contributes to hip abduction and flexion along with external rotation of the hip
Piriformis
-the origin is the anterior surface of the sacrum and gluteal surface of the ilium
-it inserts onto the greater trochanter of the femur
-action at the hip joint is abduction, external rotation
Gemellus superior
-origin is the ischial spine
-inserts onto posterior aspect of greater trochanter
-hip joint action is external rotation
Gemellus inferior
-origin is the ischial tuberosity
-inserts onto the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter
-causes external rotation at the hip
Obturator internus
-origin is the posterior surface of the obturator membrane and bony boundaries of the obturator foramen
-inserts onto the medial surface of the greater trochanter
-the action this muscle creates is external hip rotation
Obturator externus
-origin is the anterior surface of the obturator membrane and bony boundaries of the obturator foramen
-inserts onto the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter (below internus)
-causes hip external rotation
Quadratus femoris
-origin is the ischial tuberosity
-inserts onto the intertrochanteric ridge of the femur
-acts to externally rotate the hip
vastus medialis
-originates from the whole length of the linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge
-inserts onto the patella tendon and tibial tuberosity
-acts to extend the knee
Vastus lateralis
-originates from the greater trochanter and the lateral lip of the linea aspera
-inserts onto the patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
-causing extension of the knee
Vastus intermedius
-originates from the upper 2/3 of the anterior surface of the femur
-inserts onto the patella/patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
-causes knee extension
Popliteus
-originates from the posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle
-inserts onto the upper posterior medial surface of the tibia
-aids with internal rotation of the knee as it flexes and knee flexion
What is the screw home mechanism?
A process where the knee is locked into extension by rotating the tibia externally. The popliteus is crucial to internal rotation to unlock it from the “screwed home” ful extension position
Which muscles are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve?
-tibialis anterior
-extensor digitorum longus
-extensor hallucis longus
-peroneus tertius
Which muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve?
-adductor brevis
-adductor longus
-gracilis
-adductor magnus
which muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve
-iliacus
-psoas
-rectus femoris
-vastus medialis
-vastus intermedius
-vastus lateralis
which muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?
-gastrocnemius
-soleus
-tibialis posterior
-flexor hallucis longus
-flexor digitorum longus
What muscles does the superficial peroneal nerve innervate?
-peroneus longus
-peroneus brevis
