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Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous sytem

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

brains role:

A

interpret/decides on the information and sends signals/impulses via the spinal cord

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3
Q

spinal cord

A

transmits electrical messages from the brain to the parts of the body

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4
Q

2 types of neurons

A

sensory neuron

motor neuron

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5
Q

Sensory neuron

A

receives signals from various organs or sense and they relay them to the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

motor neuron

A

transmits electrical signals from CNS to a muscle to cause contraction of the associated muscle fibres

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7
Q

Motor neuron contains

A

dendrite
cell body/soma
axon
terminal at end of axon

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8
Q

Dendrite

A

passes information from the sensory receptors to the cell body of the motor neuron

FROM SENSORY RECEPTOR TO CELL BODY

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9
Q

cell body/soma

A

direct the neurons activity from the dendrite to the axon

FROM DENDRITE TO AXON

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10
Q

axon

A

transmits electrical information/signals away from the cell body to the muscle fibres

AWAY FROM CELL BODY TO THE MUSCLE FIBRES

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11
Q

axon terminal

A

motor end plates or axon terminal at the end of an axon

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12
Q

Motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and all of its corresponding muscle fibres it stimulates (motor neuron and muscle fibres)

larger the motor neuron, harder it I to stimulate (calf raises)
size is dependant of number of muscle fibres it stimulates

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13
Q

All or none principle

A

a motor unit is either activated completely or it is not activated at all based on it reaching its stimulation threshold

nerve impulses will not stimulate muscle fibres and make them contract unless it reaches a certain threshold level

muscles all contract at the same time with as much force as possible

more force equals more motor units

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14
Q

How do we vary the intensity/strength of each contraction 4 ways

A
  1. increasing the number of motor units made active
  2. type of muscle fibres recruited
  3. varying the frequency at which the impulses arrive at the motor neuron
  4. recruiting different sizes of motor units
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15
Q

increasing the number of motor units made active

A

amount of force applied by the muscle group varies with the number of muscle fibre recruited
stronger nerve impulses mean more neurons are activated which results in muscle fibres to contact

Example: want to increase throw, use bigger muscle groups which means more force is needed to do the throw

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16
Q

types of muscle fibres recruited

A

low intensity/force activities recruit mainly slow-twitch fibres
powerful activities mainly recruit fast-twitch muscle fibres

low distance run= slow-twitch fibres

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16
Q

types of muscle fibres recruited

A

low intensity/force activities recruit mainly slow-twitch fibres
powerful activities mainly recruit fast-twitch muscle fibres

low distance run= slow-twitch fibres

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17
Q

varying the frequency at which the impulses arrive at the motor neuron

A

Greater the frequency of the nerve impulse, greater the contraction of the muscle

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18
Q

recruiting different sizes of motor units

A

recruited in order from smallest to largest as contraction increases (slow to fast-twitch)
larger the motor unit, the larger numbers of muscle fibres it can stimulate

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19
Q

All or none principle

A

When a motor unit receives impulses potential to the threshold, all muscle fibres associated with the motor unit will contract to their max level (all at the same time)

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20
Q

Producing max force summary

A

A greater number of motor units are used
activating larger motor units
recruit appropriate muscle type (type II fast-twitch)

21
Q

muscle structure

A 
epimysium 
perimysium 
endomysium 
fascicle 
myofibrils 
sarcomere 
myofilaments
22
Q

epimysium

A

covers the whole muscle
the layer of connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle
thickens as it reaches the ends of the muscle to form tendons to connect to the bone

23
Q

perimysium

A

covers the fascicle
a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle
helps bind muscle fibres together
gives the muscle the ability to stretch and return back to its normal size

24
fascicle
bunch of muscle fibres
25
myofibrils
inside each muscle fibre long standards which make up the muscle fibres made up by sarcomeres that are separated my z lines
26
sarcomere
individual units of myofibrils that are responsible for contracting the muscle link together and creates actin and myosin potentials
27
myofilaments
actin and myosin
28
actin
thin protein filament attached to the z line
29
myosin
thick protein filament attached to cross bridges
30
cross bridges
thin projections on myosin filaments that reach towards the actin filaments
31
Z line
end point of a sarcomere
32
H zone
space between the actin filaments (contraction= shortens as actin overlaps)
33
A band
beginning of myosin to end of adjacent myosin held together by the M line
34
cycle rate
the rate at which the myosin cross-bridges uncouple and couple
35
types of muscle fibres
Type 1= slow-twitch (red) endurance | Type 2= fast-twitch (white) IIA=800m IIB=100 sprinter
36
Type 1 slow twitch fibre (red) small
``` fatigue rate= low oxidative capacity=high speed of contraction=slow energy system=aerobic available ATP=high force generated=low endurance ```
37
Type 2 fast twitch IIA
everything moderate anaerobic LAS system 800 m
38
Type 2 fast twitch IIB
``` capillary density: low fatigue rate= high available ATOP=low speed of contraction= high fibre diameter= large energy system= anaerobic LAS 100 m sprinter ```
39
different types of muscle contractions
isotonic | isometric
40
isotonic
the muscle length changes over a range of movement as force is produced eccentric or concentric
41
concentric
occurs when a muscle length shortens as it contracts
42
eccentric
occurs when a muscle length lengthens as a muscle contracts
43
isometric
when a muscle contracts against a force but stays in a fixed position neither lengthening or shortening
44
force velocity
the amount of force produced by a muscle depends on the velocity of the muscle contraction muscle contracts at a high velocity, the force will decrease more force requires slower movements meaning decrease in velocity and increase in force produced heavy lifting= slower velocity, more force light lifting=less force so increase in velcoity
45
force velocity concentric contractions
myosin cross-bridges can uncouple quickly (cycle rate) producing a lower level of force or tension uncouple slowly equals more force kept in the sarcomere high velocity= low force low force=high velocity Max force is achieved when the velocity of the concentric contraction is slow as this allows more motor units to be recruited to produce more force, therefore force can be applied for a longer period of time
46
isometric contraction producing the most amount of produce
no movement is occuring, but all cross-bridges are attached with all cross-bridges attached creates greater force than when some are attached when contraction of movement occurs (eccentric and concentric)
47
force length
``` relates to the amount of force that can be produced as varying muscle lengthen 3 levels fully contracted resting overstretched ```
48
point A= contracted (bend)
less force is generated by a muscle that has a starting length that is contracted why: there is too much cross-bridge overlap
49
Point B= resting (slightly bent)
the optimal amount of force is generated at midrange/resting why: optimal overlap of actin and myosin overlap and cross-bridge attachment
50
Point C= overstretched (Straight)
the least force generated by muscle with starting length as stretched why: smallest and most inefficient overlap of actin and myosin filaments occurs inefficient cross-bridge activation

PE studies (3 decks)

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