Functional Anatomy

Question 1

what are the 3 functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

protection
support
movement

Question 2

name the sections of the spine and how many bones in each

Answer 2

cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
coccyx - 4

Question 3

compare and contrast tendons and ligaments

Answer 3

tendons - tensile strength, bone to muscle, overuse injuries

ligaments - elastic, bone to bone, stability at joints

Question 4

name the 5 types of bones and give an example

Answer 4

long - femur
short - carpals
flat - scapula
irregular - vertebrae
sesamoid - patella

Question 5

what is the anatomical position

Answer 5

erect body

palms facing forward

thumbs facing away

Question 6

what is inferior and superior

Answer 6

above and below a reference point

Question 7

what is distal and proximal

Answer 7

distal = further away from the big joint (hip and shoulder)

proximal = opposite

Question 8

explain the sagittal plane and an example of an exercise

Answer 8

divides into left and right

lunges

Question 9

explain the frontal plane and an example

Answer 9

divides into back and front

lateral raises

Question 10

explain the transversal plane and an example

Answer 10

divides into upper and lower

spinning in a circle

Question 11

explain the longitudinal/vertical axis and an example

Answer 11

top to bottom

spinning in a circle

Question 12

explain with examples the transverse/horizontal axis

Answer 12

left to right

front flips

Question 13

explain with examples the medial axis

Answer 13

back to front

cartwheels

Question 14

when is the shoulder in extension and when is it in flexion

Answer 14

flexion in front

extension in back

Question 15

name the three types of joints and an example

Answer 15

synovial - knee

cartilaginous - vertebrae

fibrous - skull

Question 16

name the 4 types of synovial joints and one example

Answer 16

hinge - knee
pivot - neck
ball and socket - hip
saddle - base of the thumb

Question 17

what are 3 major functions of the muscular system

Answer 17

essential bodily functions
joint stability
movement
posture

Question 18

what are the three types of muscle + an example of each

Answer 18

skeletal/voluntary - bicep
smooth/involuntary - stomach
cardiac - heart

Question 19

name and explain the 3 types of muscle contractions

Answer 19

isokinetic: the muscle contracts at the same speed through the full range of motion
isometric: the muscle contracts without changing length
isotonic: the muscle goes through a concentric phase where the muscle contracts and gets shorter to produce force and an eccentric phase where the muscle contracts and gets longer to produce force

Question 20

differentiate between the origin and insertion

Answer 20

the insertion is where the muscle connects to the bone the create movement. The origin is where the muscle connects to create stability.

Question 21

what is the origin and insertion of the bicep and tricep

Answer 21

bicep: origin is humerus and insertion is radius
tricep: origin is humerus and insertion is ulna

Question 22

explain what antagonistic pairs are and give an example

Answer 22

an antagonistic pair has two muscles, usually on opposite sides of the body e.g bicep and tricep, the agonist and the antagonist.

the agonist contracts to cause movement and the antagonist relaxes the allow movement.

e.g during a bicep curl the bicep contracts to pull the lower arm towards the upper arm but if the tricep is not relaxed it won’t be possible so the tricep must relax to allow movement

since muscles can only pull in order to return to it’s original position the tricep must contract and the bicep relax

Question 23

explain what synergistic and stabiliser muscles are

Answer 23

synergistic muscles work with agonistic muscles to reduce excess movement and unnecessary movement

stabilising muscles help keep the joint stable by contracting isometrically

Question 24

what are the 4 functions of the circulatory system

Answer 24

provide nutrients and oxygen to the body and removes wastes

fight of diseases and infections

temperature regulation

circulates blood through the body

Question 25

what are the 3 components of the circulatory system

Answer 25

the heart, blood vessels and blood

Question 26

explain how the blood moves through the heart after returning from the body

Answer 26

the blood will return through the superior or inferior vena cava, deoxygenated, into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle then into the pulmonary artery into the the lungs. The blood is now oxygenated. The blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium into the left ventricle and then into the aorta where it is pumped out

Question 27

why are veins different to arteries aside from the oxygenation

Answer 27

- arteries pulsate, while veins rarely pulsate | - venous blood has to go against gravity so they have valves and muscular contractions

Question 28

how are capillaries special

Answer 28

the are one cell thick which means they are permeable, allowing gas exchange through diffusion of the wall to supply oxygen and take away carbon dioxide

Question 29

explain what is special about the 4 components of blood

Answer 29

platelets: they come together to seal wounds and enable healing red blood cells: they are carry oxygen and have red coloured haemoglobin which allows oxygen to bind to it white blood cells: they engulf foreign bodies such as diseases and viruses to keep the body healthy plasma: this is the yellowish fluid in which the other three cells are transported in

Question 30

what is training HR

Answer 30

it is a percentage of your MHR that you want to be at or around during exercise. for athletes it is 80% of MHR

Question 31

what is stroke volume

Answer 31

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a single beat

Question 32

what is cardiac output and how is it calculated

Answer 32

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output it is the amount of blood circulated by the heart in a minute

Question 33

what are 3 functions of the respiratory system

Answer 33

allow for smell allow for sounds allow for gaseous exchange deliver oxygen into the lungs

Question 34

explain and name the order of the air passages

Answer 34

nasal cavity: warm and moisten air and filter it pharynx: contains the trachea for air and oesophagus for food larynx: the voice box trachea: contains bronchus -> bronchi -> bronchioles alveoli: balloon like structures surrounded by capillaries which allow for gas exchange

Question 35

explain gas exchange

Answer 35

the law of diffusion states that a high concentration area will try to move to a low concentration area to create balance and vice versa O2 fills the alveoli with and there is little CO2 here the capillaries are filled with CO2 but little O2 the O2 will move through the semipermeable membrane of the capillaries into the capillaries to balance it out the CO2 will move through the semipermeable membrane of the capillaries into the alveoli to balance out the CO2 is expelled as breath and the blood stream is now oxygenated

Question 36

explain inspiration and expiration

Answer 36

inspiration is air going into the body and expiration is air leaving the body inspiration: the diaphragm contracts (goes down), making the pressure in the lungs low compared to the outside which forces air into the body expiration: the diaphragm relaxes (goes up), making the pressure in the lungs high compared to the outside which forces air out

Question 37

what is tidal volume

Answer 37

the amount of air moved out of the lungs in a single breath

Question 38

what is VO2 max

Answer 38

the maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during exercise

Question 39

what are the three components of the respiratory system and their functions

Answer 39

air passages: bring outside air into and out of the lungs lungs: the major organ of respiration that extracts the oxygen from the air using alveoli diaphragm: contracts and relaxes to adjust the pressure in the thoracic cavity to allow for inspiration and expiration