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PE Studies > Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of the skeleton

A

protection
support
movement

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2
Q

name the sections of the spine and how many bones in each

A 
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
coccyx - 4
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3
Q

compare and contrast tendons and ligaments

A

tendons - tensile strength, bone to muscle, overuse injuries

ligaments - elastic, bone to bone, stability at joints

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4
Q

name the 5 types of bones and give an example

A 
long - femur
short - carpals
flat - scapula
irregular - vertebrae
sesamoid - patella
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5
Q

what is the anatomical position

A

erect body

palms facing forward

thumbs facing away

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6
Q

what is inferior and superior

A

above and below a reference point

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7
Q

what is distal and proximal

A

distal = further away from the big joint (hip and shoulder)

proximal = opposite

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8
Q

explain the sagittal plane and an example of an exercise

A

divides into left and right

lunges

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9
Q

explain the frontal plane and an example

A

divides into back and front

lateral raises

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10
Q

explain the transversal plane and an example

A

divides into upper and lower

spinning in a circle

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11
Q

explain the longitudinal/vertical axis and an example

A

top to bottom

spinning in a circle

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12
Q

explain with examples the transverse/horizontal axis

A

left to right

front flips

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13
Q

explain with examples the medial axis

A

back to front

cartwheels

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14
Q

when is the shoulder in extension and when is it in flexion

A

flexion in front

extension in back

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15
Q

name the three types of joints and an example

A

synovial - knee

cartilaginous - vertebrae

fibrous - skull

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16
Q

name the 4 types of synovial joints and one example

A

hinge - knee
pivot - neck
ball and socket - hip
saddle - base of the thumb

17
Q

what are 3 major functions of the muscular system

A

essential bodily functions
joint stability
movement
posture

18
Q

what are the three types of muscle + an example of each

A

skeletal/voluntary - bicep
smooth/involuntary - stomach
cardiac - heart

19
Q

name and explain the 3 types of muscle contractions

A

isokinetic: the muscle contracts at the same speed through the full range of motion
isometric: the muscle contracts without changing length
isotonic: the muscle goes through a concentric phase where the muscle contracts and gets shorter to produce force and an eccentric phase where the muscle contracts and gets longer to produce force

20
Q

differentiate between the origin and insertion

A

the insertion is where the muscle connects to the bone the create movement. The origin is where the muscle connects to create stability.

21
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the bicep and tricep

A

bicep: origin is humerus and insertion is radius
tricep: origin is humerus and insertion is ulna

22
Q

explain what antagonistic pairs are and give an example

A

an antagonistic pair has two muscles, usually on opposite sides of the body e.g bicep and tricep, the agonist and the antagonist.

the agonist contracts to cause movement and the antagonist relaxes the allow movement.

e.g during a bicep curl the bicep contracts to pull the lower arm towards the upper arm but if the tricep is not relaxed it won’t be possible so the tricep must relax to allow movement

since muscles can only pull in order to return to it’s original position the tricep must contract and the bicep relax

23
Q

explain what synergistic and stabiliser muscles are

A

synergistic muscles work with agonistic muscles to reduce excess movement and unnecessary movement

stabilising muscles help keep the joint stable by contracting isometrically

24
Q

what are the 4 functions of the circulatory system

A

provide nutrients and oxygen to the body and removes wastes

fight of diseases and infections

temperature regulation

circulates blood through the body

25
Q

what are the 3 components of the circulatory system

A

the heart, blood vessels and blood

26
Q

explain how the blood moves through the heart after returning from the body

A

the blood will return through the superior or inferior vena cava, deoxygenated, into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle then into the pulmonary artery into the the lungs. The blood is now oxygenated. The blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium into the left ventricle and then into the aorta where it is pumped out

27
Q

why are veins different to arteries aside from the oxygenation

A
  • arteries pulsate, while veins rarely pulsate

- venous blood has to go against gravity so they have valves and muscular contractions

28
Q

how are capillaries special

A

the are one cell thick which means they are permeable, allowing gas exchange through diffusion of the wall to supply oxygen and take away carbon dioxide

29
Q

explain what is special about the 4 components of blood

A

platelets: they come together to seal wounds and enable healing

red blood cells: they are carry oxygen and have red coloured haemoglobin which allows oxygen to bind to it

white blood cells: they engulf foreign bodies such as diseases and viruses to keep the body healthy

plasma: this is the yellowish fluid in which the other three cells are transported in

30
Q

what is training HR

A

it is a percentage of your MHR that you want to be at or around during exercise. for athletes it is 80% of MHR

31
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a single beat

32
Q

what is cardiac output and how is it calculated

A

stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

it is the amount of blood circulated by the heart in a minute

33
Q

what are 3 functions of the respiratory system

A

allow for smell

allow for sounds

allow for gaseous exchange

deliver oxygen into the lungs

34
Q

explain and name the order of the air passages

A

nasal cavity: warm and moisten air and filter it

pharynx: contains the trachea for air and oesophagus for food
larynx: the voice box
trachea: contains bronchus -> bronchi -> bronchioles
alveoli: balloon like structures surrounded by capillaries which allow for gas exchange

35
Q

explain gas exchange

A

the law of diffusion states that a high concentration area will try to move to a low concentration area to create balance and vice versa

O2 fills the alveoli with and there is little CO2 here

the capillaries are filled with CO2 but little O2

the O2 will move through the semipermeable membrane of the capillaries into the capillaries to balance it out

the CO2 will move through the semipermeable membrane of the capillaries into the alveoli to balance out

the CO2 is expelled as breath and the blood stream is now oxygenated

36
Q

explain inspiration and expiration

A

inspiration is air going into the body and expiration is air leaving the body

inspiration: the diaphragm contracts (goes down), making the pressure in the lungs low compared to the outside which forces air into the body
expiration: the diaphragm relaxes (goes up), making the pressure in the lungs high compared to the outside which forces air out

37
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved out of the lungs in a single breath

38
Q

what is VO2 max

A

the maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during exercise

39
Q

what are the three components of the respiratory system and their functions

A

air passages: bring outside air into and out of the lungs

lungs: the major organ of respiration that extracts the oxygen from the air using alveoli
diaphragm: contracts and relaxes to adjust the pressure in the thoracic cavity to allow for inspiration and expiration

PE Studies (4 decks)

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