Exercise Physiology Flashcards
why are carbohydrates used first and what are they in the blood stream and muscles
they are used first because they can be broken down quickly
they are glucose in the blood stream and glycogen in the muscles
why are fats used second and what are they stored as in muscles and blood
they are used second because they take a long time to break down but has twice the amount of calories than carbs
they are stored as fatty acids in the blood and triglycerides in fatty/adipose tissue
why are proteins used last and how are they stored
they are used last in extreme circumstances as skeletal muscle is broken down for energy.
it is stored as amino acids in the blood and as muscle cells in the muscless
name and explain 5 acute responses to exercise
- increased heart rate: the heart’s BPM will increase due to needing more blood and therefore nutrients and oxygen around the body.
- increased stroke volume: the heart will pump more blood per stroke due to needing more blood and therefore nutrients and oxygen around the body.
- increased cardiac output: the amount of blood circulated by the heart in a minute will increase due to needing more blood and therefore nutrients and oxygen around the body.
- selective blood distribution: the blood will vasodilate capillaries to skeletal muscles and vasoconstrict capillaries to other muscles such as stomach and kidneys due to skeletal muscles needing more blood and therefore nutrients and oxygen.
arterio-venous oxygen difference: during rest the amount of blood in the veins and arteries is high as it isn’t being used therefore there is a low arterio-venous oxygen difference. When you exercise, the body uses more oxygen so there is more oxygen in the arteries and less in the veins therefore arterio-venous oxygen difference is increased.
name and explain 5 adaptions to exercise
adaptations occur training a minimum of 3 times a week for 6-8 weeks
cardiac hypertrophy: due to the heart being a muscle it can increase in size and strength to pump more blood (stroke volume) to adapt to the lifestyle of an athlete that needs more blood pumped around the body.
decreased resting HR: due to the heart becoming more efficient (cardiac hypertrophy) it can beat less times per minute and still pump the same amount of blood.
improved SV: the heart has gotten bigger due to hypertrophy and therefore can pump more blood per stroke
improved cardiac output: the hearts higher SV means that the heart can circulate more blood in a minute.
Improved HR recovery: due to higher capillarisation of the heart the heart can return to resting HR much quicker as it is more efficient.
explain GI
the glycaemic index ranks different carbohydrates based on how fast they can be broken down and used as energy by the body
generally complex carbs which are made of thousands of molecules such as brown bread and pasta generally are low GI which means they are broken down over a long period of time
simple carbs are made of few molecules and are broken down quickly and run out quickly such as lollies and potatoes.
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
glucose, triglycerides and fatty acids are broken down in cellular respiration to form ATP
a small amount of energy is stored in cells as ATP so it can be used instantly
ATP is broken down to form ADP
ADP can join with a phosphate atom to resynthesise ATP
name and explain the 3 energy pathways
alactic system:
10-15seconds, creatine phosphate breaks down and resynthesises ATP.
Once creatine phosphate stores are emptied energy will run out, very little waste products
e.g 60m sprint.
lactic acid system:
if activity continues after creatine phosphate stores are exhausted the body will result to converting glycogen into glucose (glycolysis) for ATP.
Due to no oxygen pyruvic acid forms and then lactic acid.
Once they pass lactate threshold the person must slow down or stop as lactic acid restricts muscular contractions
e.g 400m sprint
aerobic glycolysis system:
low intensity enough for stable and steady breathing, therefore aerobic.
Presence of oxygen means complete breakdown of glycogen and no lactic acid
abundance of oxygen allows for more efficient breakdown of glycogen
draw the energy continuum graph
page 12 workbook 3
explain and draw the oxygen uptake during steady state exercise diagram
oxygen deficit is when the body is using more oxygen than it’s intake which leads to unstable unsteady breathing
once the body’s oxygen intake = it’s consumption you reach the steady state phase
once the body finishes exercise the demands for oxygen will still be above resting such as heavy breathing after a 5km run that slowly levels out.
this is known as the oxygen debt defined as: the amount of oxygen used during the recovery phase to replenish creatine phosphate, remove lactic acid and replenish oxygen stores
