Functional Anantomy + Embryology

Question 1

Unilateral contraction of the abdominal external oblique muscle causes which movement?

Answer 1

Contralateral rotation

Question 2

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 2

Transversalis fascia

Question 3

From which artery does the right gastric artery arise in most people?

Answer 3

Common hepatic artery

Question 4

At which level does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

Answer 4

T12

Question 5

Which of these is intraperitoneal? 
A) Ascending colon 
B) Transverse colon 
C) Descending colon  
D) Rectum

Answer 5

Transverse colon

Question 6

Which embryological structure forms the gallbladder? 
A) Foregut  
B) Midgut   
C) Hindgut    
D) Allantois

Answer 6

Foregut

Question 7

Where are components of Herring bodies synthesised?

Answer 7

Pre-optic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 8

Nuclei of which cells are most frequently stained in neurohypophysis?

Answer 8

Pituicytes and endothelial cells

Question 9

Which adenohypophysis cells stain deep blue with trichrome /PAS stains?

Answer 9

Basophils

Question 10

One possible role for chromaphobes in adenohypophysis

Answer 10

Stem cells

Question 11

What hormones released from neurohypophysis

Answer 11

ADH and oxytocin

Question 12

What hormones released from basophils?

Answer 12

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Question 13

What hormones released from acidophils?

Answer 13

Growth hormone + prolactin

Question 14

Which cells are regulated by releasing hormones from hypothalamus?

Answer 14

Basophils

Question 15

How do releasing hormones from hypothalamus reach pituitary?

Answer 15

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 16

What do both calcitonin + parathyroid hormone regulate?

Answer 16

Ca homeostasis

Question 17

How is parathyroid structure typical of most endocrine glands?

Answer 17

Cells arranged in cords alongside an extensive capillary bed

Question 18

What structural features of thyroid gland is unusual?

Answer 18

Follicles

Question 19

Thyroid parafollicular cells produce?

Answer 19

Calcitonin

Question 20

What is unique to thyroid gland amongst all endocrine organs?

Answer 20

Hormone stored in inactive form outside cells

Question 21

Mature hormones produced by thyroid follicular cells called?

Answer 21

T3 + T4 (tri-iodothyronine and tetra-iodothyronine)

Question 22

Which AA is mature thyroid hormones related to?

Answer 22

Tyrosine

Question 23

Inactive hormone precursor produced by thyroid follicular cells is?

Answer 23

Thyroglobulin (thyroid colloid)

Question 24

What hormone is produced by parathyroid cells?

Answer 24

Parathyroid hormone

Question 25

What region(s) arise from neural crest in embyro?

Answer 25

Adrenal medulla

Question 26

Which organ is adrenal gland's fibrous capsule continuous with?

Answer 26

Kidney

Question 27

Which region (s) of adrenal gland are regulated by sympathetic input?

Answer 27

Adrenal medulla

Question 28

Which regions arise from part of lining of abdominal cavity (coelom) in embyro?

Answer 28

Adrenal cortex

Question 29

Which region(s) are controlled by ACTH from pituitary?

Answer 29

Zona fasciculata, Zona rericularis

Question 30

What do delta cells secrete?

Answer 30

Somastostatin

Question 31

What proportion of islet cells produce insulin?

Answer 31

80%

Question 32

Which technique can be used to detect insulin producing cells in an islet?

Answer 32

Immunohistochemistry

Question 33

Which technique could be used to detect gene changes in an individual carrying familial (Type 1) diabetes?

Answer 33

PCR

Question 34

What is embryonic origin of adenohypophysis?

Answer 34

Up growth roof of buccal cavity

Question 35

Embryonic origin of neurohypophysis?

Answer 35

Downgrowth from floor of hypothalamus

Question 36

What are Herring bodies found in neurohypophysis?

Answer 36

Aggregations of secretory granules (vesicles) within axons

Question 37

Where does endocytosed protein come from and what is it's fate?

Answer 37

Blood being filtered from renal corpuscle | Absorbed into cells of proximal convoluted tubules + destroyed by lysosomes

Question 38

Permeability of collecting ducts regulated by ADH, only 9 AA long. If hormone is present in blood stream, would you expect it to be present: Ultrafiltrate collected in bowman's capsule? Lumen of collective tubule? In urine?

Answer 38

Yes No Yes

Question 39

Apart from bladder, where is urinary epithelium found?

Answer 39

Ureter and urethra

Question 40

What are medullary rays?

Answer 40

Bundles of collecting tubules and ducts

Question 41

Function of medullary rays?

Answer 41

Draining nephrons

Question 42

Where are medullary rays located?

Answer 42

In medulla