Functional Anantomy + Embryology Flashcards
Unilateral contraction of the abdominal external oblique muscle causes which movement?
Contralateral rotation
What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
From which artery does the right gastric artery arise in most people?
Common hepatic artery
At which level does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?
T12
Which of these is intraperitoneal? A) Ascending colon B) Transverse colon C) Descending colon D) Rectum
Transverse colon
Which embryological structure forms the gallbladder? A) Foregut B) Midgut C) Hindgut D) Allantois
Foregut
Where are components of Herring bodies synthesised?
Pre-optic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Nuclei of which cells are most frequently stained in neurohypophysis?
Pituicytes and endothelial cells
Which adenohypophysis cells stain deep blue with trichrome /PAS stains?
Basophils
One possible role for chromaphobes in adenohypophysis
Stem cells
What hormones released from neurohypophysis
ADH and oxytocin
What hormones released from basophils?
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
What hormones released from acidophils?
Growth hormone + prolactin
Which cells are regulated by releasing hormones from hypothalamus?
Basophils
How do releasing hormones from hypothalamus reach pituitary?
Hypophyseal portal system
What do both calcitonin + parathyroid hormone regulate?
Ca homeostasis
How is parathyroid structure typical of most endocrine glands?
Cells arranged in cords alongside an extensive capillary bed
What structural features of thyroid gland is unusual?
Follicles
Thyroid parafollicular cells produce?
Calcitonin
What is unique to thyroid gland amongst all endocrine organs?
Hormone stored in inactive form outside cells
Mature hormones produced by thyroid follicular cells called?
T3 + T4 (tri-iodothyronine and tetra-iodothyronine)
Which AA is mature thyroid hormones related to?
Tyrosine
Inactive hormone precursor produced by thyroid follicular cells is?
Thyroglobulin (thyroid colloid)
What hormone is produced by parathyroid cells?
Parathyroid hormone
What region(s) arise from neural crest in embyro?
Adrenal medulla
Which organ is adrenal gland’s fibrous capsule continuous with?
Kidney
Which region (s) of adrenal gland are regulated by sympathetic input?
Adrenal medulla
Which regions arise from part of lining of abdominal cavity (coelom) in embyro?
Adrenal cortex
Which region(s) are controlled by ACTH from pituitary?
Zona fasciculata, Zona rericularis
What do delta cells secrete?
Somastostatin
What proportion of islet cells produce insulin?
80%
Which technique can be used to detect insulin producing cells in an islet?
Immunohistochemistry
Which technique could be used to detect gene changes in an individual carrying familial (Type 1) diabetes?
PCR
What is embryonic origin of adenohypophysis?
Up growth roof of buccal cavity
Embryonic origin of neurohypophysis?
Downgrowth from floor of hypothalamus
What are Herring bodies found in neurohypophysis?
Aggregations of secretory granules (vesicles) within axons
Where does endocytosed protein come from and what is it’s fate?
Blood being filtered from renal corpuscle
Absorbed into cells of proximal convoluted tubules + destroyed by lysosomes
Permeability of collecting ducts regulated by ADH, only 9 AA long. If hormone is present in blood stream, would you expect it to be present:
Ultrafiltrate collected in bowman’s capsule?
Lumen of collective tubule?
In urine?
Yes
No
Yes
Apart from bladder, where is urinary epithelium found?
Ureter and urethra
What are medullary rays?
Bundles of collecting tubules and ducts
Function of medullary rays?
Draining nephrons
Where are medullary rays located?
In medulla
